Endocrine System

Question 1

Notecard example :

Answer 1

Name 
From where / to where
Function 
Hyper/ hypo
Patho, Diseased, Conditions, Imbalances
Cause/ risk factors
Signs/ symptoms 
Treatment (infections)
Nursing care
5W’s

Question 2

Endocrine system

Answer 2

Chemical messengers- to other cells in the body

Hypo/ hyper secretion - pathological conditions

1. Hypothalamus
2. Pituitary (anterior & posterior)
3. Pineal
4. thyroid
5. Parathyroid
6. Pancreas
7. Adrenal (cortex & medulla)
8. ovaries
9. Testes
10. Thymus
11. Gastrointestinal Mucosa

Question 3

Hypothalamus

Answer 3

Link between endocrine and nervous system
Controls pituitary gland
Controls adrenal medulla (epin. & nore)

1. GHRH—- anterior pituitary —-GH
   TRH — anterior pituitary —-TSH

Question 4

Anterior Pituitary Gland/ Lobe
“Master Gland”

Hormones: 6

Answer 4

1. GH
2. TSH
3. FSH
4. LH
5. Prolactin
6. MSH

Diseased, Conditions, Imbalances:
- Panhypopituitarism: premature aging, hair loss, cachexia.

• Simmonds disease (pit. Atrophies)
  Causes thyroid, adrenal, gonads, to loose function

Question 5

GH

Answer 5

Growth hormone

Hypothalamus —ant.pituitary lobe—bones, cartilage, connective tissue.

Hormones causes cells to:
Undergo mitoses, mobilize fat (lipolysis), decrease use of glucose

Hypo-secretion: gigantism (before puberty, acromegaly (after puberty)

Hyper-secretion: pituitary Dwarfism

Question 6

TSH

Answer 6

Thyroid stimulating hormone
Hypothalamus —anterior pituitary lobe —thyroid

Hormones causes cells to:
Growth of thyroid gland, release TH/ T3 & T4

Hypersecretion: Graves (autoimmune) disease
Immunoglobulin imitates normal TSH to hypersecrete TH.

Question 7

LH

Answer 7

Lutenizing Hormone

Anterior pituitary gland— testosterone — testes

Diseased, Conditions, Imbalances

Question 8

FSH

Answer 8

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Anterior pituitary gland —. (estrogen & progesterone)—ovaries

Question 9

Prolactin

Answer 9

anterior pituitary gland — mammary gland — epithelial cells

Hormones causes cells to: epithelial cells in mammary gland, breast milk synthesis

Question 10

Posterior Pituitary Gland/ lobe

“Master gland”

Answer 10

1. 2.

PDIC: Panpituitarism / Simmonds

Question 11

Oxytocin

Answer 11

Posterior pituitary lobe — uterus & breast

Hormones causes cells in smooth muscle of
uterus to contract during labor, stimulates milk release

Synthetic oxytocin — IV—induce labor

Question 12

ADH

Answer 12

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin VP)

Posterior pituitary lobe —Kinney tubules
Hormones causes cells to: stimulate reabsorption of H2O back in the blood by renal tubules during urine formation that increase blood levels and pressure

PDIC: Diabetes Insipidus

Question 13

Pineal Gland

Answer 13

1. Melatonin

2. Seratonin

Question 14

Melatonin

Answer 14

Pineal —melatonin

Hormones causes cells to: regulate gonadotropin influences body’s internal clock released at night

Question 15

Serotonin

Answer 15

Pineal— serotonin

Hormones causes cells to:
Vasoconstrict smooth muscle: acts to inhibit gastric secretion

Question 16

Thyroid gland

Answer 16

Hypothalamus— thyroid— hormones

1. Thyroxine T4
2. Triiodothyronine T3
3. Calcitonin

Question 17

Thyroxine T4

Answer 17

Thyroid —T4 —metabolism

Regulates metabolism (BasicMR), physical and mental growth and development, metabolizes F, P, C, H2O, V, M

PDIC: anorexia, goiter, exopthalmia

Hypothyroidism: cretinism (infant), myxedema (adult: adult mucus swollen face), hashimoto disease.
Gain weight, lethargic, low heart rate

Hyperthyroidism: thyrotoxicosis, Graves’ disease, endemic goiter(iodine) basedow disease, anorexia, anxiety, increases HR

Question 18

Triiodothyronine T3

Answer 18

Thyroid—T3

Influences BMR and is more active than T4

Question 19

Calcitonin

Answer 19

Thyroid —calcitonin—bones

Influences bone and Ca2+ metabolism and helps maintain plasma Ca2+ homeostasis, (thyrocalcitonin)

Question 20

Parathyroid Gland

Answer 20

Parathyroid hormone (parathormone)

Hormones causes cells to: regulate calcium levels in the blood stream by targeting kidney tubules to activate Vit D, and reabsorb Ca2+ from urine process,
Intestinal cell walls release osteoclasts
Metabolism of phosphorus

PDIC: Hypocalcemia:
Hypo parathyroidism: tetany (muscle spam)
Hyperparathyroidism: osteoporosis, kidney stones, hypercalcemia

Question 21

Glucagon

Answer 21

Pancreas —glucagon (islets of lagerhans )

Hormones causes cells to: facilitate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose inn liver cells

Alpha respond to decreased blood glucose to increase blood sugar.

Question 22

Pancreas

Answer 22

1. Glucose
2. Insulin
3. Somatostatin

Endocrine function: regulate glucose in the blood
Exocrine function: release digestive enzymes

Type 1: DM
Alpha: secrete glucagon
Beta: secrete insulin
Delta: secrete somatostatin (suppresses release of glucagon and insulin)

Question 23

Insulin

Answer 23

Pancreas— insulin—
Insulin maintains normal blood sugar by allowing entry of glucose into cells

Beta cells respond to increase blood glucose

Hormones causes cells to: uptake glucose for use and fat formation to lower blood glucose (link glucose into glycogen )

Hypoinsulinism: Type 1: DM , hyperglycemia,
Hypoglycemia (perketoacidosis: coma, PO-insulin shock-coma, convulsions, death)

Hyper insulinism:

Question 24

Pancreas disorders

Answer 24

K

Question 25

Somatostatin

Answer 25

Pancreas—somatostatin It is secreted to suppress the released of glucagon and insulin

Question 26

Adrenal Glands: Cortex

Answer 26

Glucocorticoids 1. Cortisol 2. Corticosterone

Question 27

Adrenal Gland: cortex | Cortisol

Answer 27

Adrenal gland— cortex—glucocorticoid— cortisol Cortisol: Regulate carbs, proteins, fats metabolism needed for glucose. Increase blood sugar level Anti-inflammatory effect Helps body cope with stress (Body wide immunity) Hypo: Addison’s disease Hyper: Cushings disease

Question 28

Adrenal gland—cortex | Corticosterone

Answer 28

Adrenal gland— cortex—glucocorticoid— corticosterone Influences sodium and potassium metabolism

Question 29

Adrenal gland—cortex—mineralcorticoid— aldosterone

Answer 29

Aldosterone Regulate electrolyte and H2O balance by promoting Na and Cl - reabsoprtion and K+ excretion Hyposecretion: reduced plasma volume, Hypersecretion primary aldosteronism : Decrease K+, increase Na+ Increase blood volume and pressure RAA pathway

Question 30

Adrenal glands— cortex —mineralcorticoid— testosterone/ androgen

Answer 30

Influences development of male secondary sex organs PDIC: virilism, hirutism

Question 31

Adrenal glands — medulla— dopamine

Answer 31

Sympathetic NS (Given to Parkinson’s disease patients) Dilated systemic arteries elevates systolic blood pressure, increase cardiac output, increase urinary output

Question 32

Adrenal glands—medulla—epinephrine/ norepinephrine

Answer 32

Regulate sympathetic autonomic NS Vasoconstrictor, vasopressor, Epinephrine: cardiac stimulants, antispasmodic, sympathomimetic Norepinephrine: VC VP neurotransmitter Increase systolic diastolic blood pressure Increase HR CO, increase glycogenesis

Question 33

Ovaries

Answer 33

Estrogen | Progesterone

Question 34

Ovaries—estrogen / progesterone

Answer 34

Estradiol, estrone, estriol Essential for growth and development and maintenance of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics Mammary glands Sex drive Progesterone: prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Question 35

Testes—testosterone

Answer 35

Growth and development of sex organs

Question 36

Thymus gland

Answer 36

Thymus—Thymopoietin—thymosin Promotes the maturation process of T lymphocyte (WBCs) —cell mediated immunity

Question 37

Gastrointestinal Mucosa

Answer 37

1. Gastrin: stimulates gastric acid secretion, (affects gallbladder, SI, pancreas) 2. Secretin: pancreatic juice, bile intestinal secretion 3. Cholecystokinin: contraction / empty of gall bladder and secretion of pancreatic enzymes 4. Enterogastrone: regulate gastric secretion