Endocrine System

Question 1

In 1889, scientists removed the pancreas from dogs and found that:

Answer 1

Rapid weight loss
Fatigued
Ants began gathering in the kennel

Question 2

Endocrine System

Is an

Designed to

Stimulated by

Answer 2

Is an information signal system that uses blood vessels as information channels

Designed to maintain control over a long duration

Stimulated by the pituitary, secrete chemicals that affect the nerve activity of the hypothalamus

Question 3

Nervous System

Is an

Designed to

Stimulated by

Answer 3

Is an information signal system that uses nerves to conduct information

Designed to adjust quickly to changes in the environment

Hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland through nerve stimulation

Question 4

The nervous system and endocrine system interact and work together to

Answer 4

provide control of organs and tissues

Question 5

The Endocrine System Instrumental in regulating bodily process such as

Answer 5

Metabolism
Growth/development
Tissue function
Mood

Question 6

The Endocrine System

An integrated system of

Answer 6

small organs that involve the release of signaling molecules known as HORMONES

Question 7

Hormone

Answer 7

chemical regulators produced by cells in one part of the body that affect another part of the body
Only a small amount required to alter cell metabolism

Question 8

2 Types of Hormones

Answer 8

Steroid/Lipid Hormones

Protein/Peptide Hormones

Question 9

Steroid/Lipid Hormones

Answer 9

Made from cholesterol and includes male and female sex hormones and cortisol
They are not soluble in water but are soluble in fat
Cortisol - hormone that stimulates the conversion of amino acids to glucose by the liver
Eg. estrogen

Question 10

Protein/Peptide Hormones

Answer 10

They contain chains of amino acids of varying length and are soluble in water
Eg. insulin and growth hormone

Question 11

Steroid Hormones

Answer 11

Hormone diffuse from capillaries and into the target cells

Then, it combines w/ receptor molecules in the cytoplasm

This Hormone-receptor complex moves into nucleus, attaches to a segment of chromatin that has a complementary shape, activating a gene

So a message is sent to the ribosome in the cytoplasm to produce a specific protein

Question 12

Protein Hormones

Answer 12

Protein hormones combine with receptors on the cell membrane

Activates production of an enzyme which causes the cell to convert ATP into cAMP

cAMP functions as a messenger, activating enzymes in the cytoplasm to carry out normal function

Question 13

Pancreas

Answer 13

Pancreas contains 2 types of cells: Hormone-producing cells and Digestive-enzyme-producing cells

Question 14

Adrenal Glands location and made up of

Answer 14

Location: above each kidney

Made up of 2 glands encased in one shell: adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex

Question 15

Insulin

Location of hormone production
Effect

Answer 15

Islet of Langerhans (pancreas)

Increases permeability of cells to glucose; increase glucose uptake
Allows for the conversion of glucose to glycogen
Result: decrease in blood sugar

Question 16

Glucagon

Location of hormone production
Effect

Answer 16

Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

Promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose
Result: increase in blood sugar

Question 17

Cortisol

Location of hormone production
Effect

Answer 17

Adrenal cortex

Promotes the conversion of amino acids to glucose
Promotes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids
Decreases glucose uptake by the muscles (no by the brain)
Results: increase in blood sugar in response to stress

Question 18

Testes

Answer 18

Produce sperm cells

Produce the hormone testosterone

Question 19

Males sex hormone (testosterone) promotes

Answer 19

the development of facial and body hair
the growth of the larynx, lowering the voice
the strengthening of muscles
secretion of body oils (connected to development of acne)
Increase in oil production can create body odour

Question 20

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain control the production of sperm and male sex hormones in the testes

Answer 20

Negative feedback systems

Hypothalamus secretes the GnRH

Question 21

FSH acts on sperm-producing cells

Answer 21

FSH also causes sertoli cells to release a hormone called inhibin
Inhibin inhibits the production of FSH (by acting on anterior pituitary)

Question 22

LH stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Answer 22

High levels of testosterone inhibits LH production (by deactivating hypothalamus)

Question 23

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 23

chemical messenger from the hypothalamus that stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary

Question 24

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 24

in male, hormone that regulates the production of testosterone

Question 25

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Answer 25

in male, hormone that increases sperm production

Question 26

The Female Menstrual Cycle

Answer 26

Ovarian Cycle: an egg matures (from a primary oocyte) and is released Uterine Cycle: the endometrium (lining) of the uterus builds up (becomes ready to have a fertilized egg

Question 27

Ovarian Cycle:

Answer 27

an egg matures (from a primary oocyte) and is released

Question 28

Uterine Cycle:

Answer 28

the endometrium (lining) of the uterus builds up (becomes ready to have a fertilized egg

Question 29

The Role of FSH and LH: Pituitary Hormones

Answer 29

``` An oocyte (egg) & the cells around it are called the follicle Usually, only one follicle fully matures during each ovarian cycle. FSH matures the follicle ```

Question 30

Ovulation -

Answer 30

The release of an egg (oocyte) from the follicle inside the ovary is triggered by a surge of LH

Question 31

The Role Of Estrogen and Progesterone (Ovarian Hormones)

Answer 31

The corpus luteum is the remaining cells of the follicle after ovulation The corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone for approximately 2 weeks → maintains the thickness of the endometrium Progesterone prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg If no fertilization occurs, the egg degenerates → and the endometrium is no longer maintained and is shed from the uterus Estrogen and Progesterone also control FSH and LH

Question 32

Pituitary Hormones

Answer 32

LH and FSH control ovulation and the maturation of the follicle to release an egg

Question 33

Ovarian Hormones

Answer 33

Estrogen and Progesterone Control FSH and LH production Sexual characteristics and prepare the uterine wall for egg implantation

Question 34

GnRH released from hypothalamus

Answer 34

causes the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland

Question 35

Follicular Phase

Answer 35

- FSH stimulate follicular development - causes follicles to release estrogen - estrogen initiates endometrium development - ↑ estrogen produce (-) feedback to pituitary to reduce FSH - ↑ estrogen produce (+) feedback to LH-producing cells of the pituitary gland

Question 36

Ovulation Phase

Answer 36

- rising LH levels (LH surge) → oocyte burst out of follicle (ovulation)

Question 37

Luteal Phase

Answer 37

- remaining cells (under influence of LH) transformed into corpus luteum - release of estrogen and progesterone - continue endometrium development - (-) feedback to pituitary to reduce LH and FSH - so ↓ in estrogen + progesterone → corpus luteum deteriorates

Question 38

Flow Phase

Answer 38

- declining estrogen and progesterone signals uterine contractions … menstrual bleed

Question 39

``` FLOW Phase Description of Events Hormone Produced Days ```

Answer 39

Menstruation | 1 - 5

Question 40

``` FOLLICULAR Phase Description of Events Hormone Produced Days ```

Answer 40

Follicles develop in ovaries Endometrium is restored Estrogen produced by follicle cells 6 - 13

Question 41

``` OVULATION Phase Description of Events Hormone Produced Days ```

Answer 41

Oocyte bursts from ovary 14

Question 42

``` LUTEAL Phase Description of Events Hormone Produced Days ```

Answer 42

Corpus luteum forms and endometrium thickens Estrogen and progesterone 15 - 28

Question 43

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 43

- in females, a gonadotropin that promotes the development of the follicles in the ovary

Question 44

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 44

in females, a gonadotropin that promotes ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum