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endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

how to the chemical messengers differ in nervous and endocrine systems?

A

nervous: neurotransmitters
endocrine: hormones

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2
Q

how do the receptors differ in nervous vs endocrine system

A

nervous: neuromuscular or neuroglandular junction
endocrine: variety of tissues, cells

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3
Q

how does the mode of transmission differ in nervous vs endocrine system?

A

nervous: neurons
endocrine: blood borne

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4
Q

how does response time differ in nervous vs endocrine system?

A

nervous: rapid - milliseconds to seconds
endocrine: slow reaction time - seconds to minutes to hours

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5
Q

how do target tissues differ in nervous vs endocrine systems?

A

nervous: other neurons, muscle cells, gland cells
endocrine: systemic broad - any cell in the body with a receptor for the hormone

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6
Q

the endocrine system is mostly regulated by _____ feedback loops

A

negative

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7
Q

what is a positive feedback loop in the body?

A
  • child birth

- hormone (oxytocin) keeps increasing until baby is out

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8
Q

describe the feedback loop for glucose

A
  • blood glucose drops after fasting
  • pancreas releases glucagon (promote glycogen breakdown)
  • blood glucose increases
  • pancreas releases insulin (promotes glucose uptake)
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9
Q

what are the glands of the endocrine system

A

1) hypothalamus
2) pituitary gland
3) thyroid
4) adrenal glands
5) pancreatic islets
6) pineal gland
7) parathyroid

secondary functions:

8) heart
9) thymus
10) adipose tissue
11) digestive tract
12) kidneys
13) gonads (testes, ovaries)

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10
Q

the hypothalamus innervates which part of the pituitary?

A

posterior

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11
Q

the hypothalamus secretes hormones into which part of the pituitary?

A

anterior

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12
Q

the posterior pituitary is also known as the ____

A

neurohypophyses

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13
Q

the anterior pituitary is also known as the ______

A

adenohypophyses

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14
Q

how many hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary? name them

A

1) TSH
2) ACTH
3) FSH
4) LH
5) PRL
6) GH
7) MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)

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15
Q

which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

-oxytocin and ADH

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16
Q

TSH

A

-targets the thyroid gland - stimulates production of T3 and T4

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17
Q

ACTH

A

-targets adrenal cortex - stimulates glucocorticoid secretion

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18
Q

FSH

A
  • targets follicular cells in ovaries of females and nurse cells in testes of males
  • stimulates follicle development and estrogen secretion in females and sperm maturation in males
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19
Q

LH

A
  • targets follicular cells in ovaries of females and interstitial cells in testes
  • stimulates ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and progesterone secretion
20
Q

PRL

A
  • prolactin

- targets female mammary glands and stimulates milk production

21
Q

GH

A
  • targets all cells in the body

- stimulates growth, protein synthesis, lipid mobilization, and catabolism

22
Q

MSH

A
  • melanocyte stimulating hormone
  • targets melanocytes
  • stimulates increased melanin production in epidermis
23
Q

ADH

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • targets kidneys
  • promotes reabsorption of water and elevation of both blood volume and blood pressure
24
Q

oxytocin

A
  • targets uterus and mammary glands
  • causes labor contractions and milk ejection
  • targets ductus deferent and prostate
  • causes contraction of ductus deferent and prostate and ejection of secretions
25
describe the role of the hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary
- indirect control through release of regulatory hormones | - hormones released into hypophyseal portal system for delivery to anterior lobe of pituitary
26
describe the role of the hypothalamus in the posterior pituitary
- direct release of hormones - sensory stimulation (innervation) - osmoreceptor stimulation
27
pineal gland
- part of the epithalamus | - contains neurons, glial cells, pinealocytes (synthesize melatonin)
28
what is the role of melatonin
- slows maturation of sperm, oocytes, and reproductive organs - production rate rises at night and declines during the day
29
what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex
1) zona glomerulosa 2) zona fasciculata 3) zona reticularis
30
what is the mnemonic used to remember what each layer of the adrenal cortex releases?
Salt (mineralocorticoids), sugar (glucocorticoids), sex (androgens)
31
hormones, targets, and effects of the zona glomerulosa
hormones: mineralcorticoids (primarily aldosterone) targets: kidneys effects: increase renal absorption of Na+ and water, accelerate urinary loss of K+ ion
32
hormones, targets, and effects of the zona fasciculata
hormones: glucocorticoids, cortisol, corticosterone target: most cells effects: release AAs from skeletal muscle, lipids from adipose tissue; promotes formation of liver glycogen and glucose; promotes peripheral utilization of lipids; anti-inflammatory effects
33
hormones, targets, and effects of the zona reticularis
hormones: androgens targets: ? effects: uncertain significance under normal conditions
34
which hormones are released from the adrenal medulla? what do they target? what are the effects?
hormone: E, NE target: most cells effects: increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose - release of lipids by adipose tissue
35
function of parathyroid hormone
raises the blood calcium level by breaking down the bone
36
role of calcitonin (released by thyroid)
- produced by C-cells of the thyroid | - decreases blood Ca++ levels
37
what are the functions of T3 and T4 released from T-cells of the thyroid?
- triiodothyronine (T3) - thyroxine (T4) - hormones regulate body temperature, metabolism, and heart rate.
38
what is the location of the thyroid?
anterior and inferior to the larynx
39
what is the location of the parathyroid glands?
posterior surface of thyroid
40
describe the homeostatic process of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4
- homeostasis disturbed by decreasing T3 and T4 in blood or low body temp - stimulates receptor in hypothalamus which releases TRH - anterior lobe of pituitary releases TSH - thyroid follicles release T3 and T4 - T3 and T4 [ ] increases in blood and body temp rises - homeostasis restored
41
what are the endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets?
1) alpha cells (glucagon) 2) beta cells (insulin) 3) f cells 4) delta cells (somatostatin; inhibited glucagon and insulin)
42
how does the heart act as an endocrine organ?
- maintains bp and blood volume | - affects water loss and Na+ ions
43
how do the kidneys act as an endocrine organ?
1) erythropoietin - production of RBCs 2) renin - release of hormones from adrenal cortex (aldosterone) - regulate bp
44
how does the thymus act as an endocrine organ?
- several hormones released | - immune system response and lymphocytes
45
how are reproduction organs endocrine organs?
- estrogen, progesterone, testosterone | - eggs and sperm lymphocytes

KIN 3320 (19 decks)

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