Endocrine System

Question 1

Types of endocrine glands

Answer 1

sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous, and digestive

Question 2

Hormone Regulation w receptors

Answer 2

reduction or increase of receptor type in the presence of high or low concentration of hormones

Question 3

Types of Hormones

Answer 3

peptide, steroid, tyrosine derivatives

Question 4

Effector

Answer 4

target cell of the hormone

Question 5

Peptide hormone mechanism

Answer 5

peptide hormones are water soluble and bind to a receptor on the cell membrane. This activates and enzyme which makes a secondary messenger system

Question 6

Peptide hormone creation

Answer 6

made in ERE where preprohormone is cleaved into a prehormone. It is cleaved again in the golgi and processed. It is packed into a secretory vesicle and secreted.

Question 7

What are the peptide hormones?

Answer 7

anterior pituitary: FSH, LH, ACTH, HGH, TSH (thyroid stimulating), prolactin
posterior pituitary: ADH (antidiuretic) and oxytocin
Parathyroid hormone: PTH
Pancreatic hormone: insulin, glucagon
thyroid C cell: calcitonin

Question 8

Steroid hormone creation

Answer 8

done in SER and mitochondria

Question 9

Steroid Hormone mechanism

Answer 9

they are lipids and requires a protein transport molecule to dissolve in blood stream. They diffuse through cell membrane and attach to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus. Causes change in gene expression

Question 10

What are the steroid hormones?

Answer 10

adrenal cortex: aldosterone and cortisol

gonad hormones: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Question 11

What are the tyrosine derivative hormones?

Answer 11

T3 (triiodothyroxine) T4 thyroxine

catecholamines (from adrenal medulla): epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 12

Tyrosine derivative creation

Answer 12

in cytosol or RER

Question 13

Thyroid Mechanism

Answer 13

lipid soluble and carried in blood via plasma protien carriers. Bind to receptors in nucleus. Increases gene transcription

Question 14

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 14

water soluble and dissolve in blood. bind to receptors on target cells and act through cAMP

Question 15

Calcitonin is a hormone that decreases blood calcium levels. If blood calcium is low would the person have high or low levels of calcitonin

Answer 15

Low

the body decreased output to respond to low calcium state

Question 16

Timing of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic hormones

Answer 16

Hydrophilic are fast and fleeting. Quickly regulated

Hydrophobic are slow ad sustained. Slowly regulated

Question 17

Posterior Pituitary hormones

Answer 17

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Question 18

Oxytocin

Answer 18

promoted uterine contractions and milk ejection when stimulated

Question 19

Antidiuretic hormone

Answer 19

increases water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts = reabsorption of water from collecting tubules

Question 20

anterior pituitary hormones

Answer 20

FSH, LH, HGH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin

Question 21

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 21

causes thyroid to release triiodothyroxine and thyroxine to increase thyroid cell size, number and rate of T3 and T4 release
negative feedback loop based on T3 and T4 concentration

Question 22

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

Answer 22

stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

stress response

Question 23

Human growth hormone

Answer 23

increases rate of mitosis, cell size, rate of protein synthesis, mobilizes fat stores, increases use of FA for E and reduces use of glucose and breakdown of AAs and proteins

Question 24

Prolactin

Answer 24

milk production; inhibited by progesterone and estrogen

Question 25

Parathyroid Hormone

Answer 25

increases calcium levels by increasing osterocyte absorption of Ca and increase of osteroclasts which break down Calcified bone. It increases Ca absorption in the kidneys and gut

Question 26

Thyroid

Answer 26

T3 T4 and Calcitonin

Question 27

Thyroid hormones

Answer 27

increase basal metabolic rate | regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone

Question 28

calcitonin

Answer 28

decreases calcium in blood by decreasing osteoclast activity and number

Question 29

Adrenal Glands

Answer 29

separated into adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Question 30

Adrenal Cortex

Answer 30

glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids AKA cortisol and aldosterone

Question 31

Glucocorticoids

Answer 31

increase [glucose] and affect fat and protien metabolism | cortisol

Question 32

mineralcorticoids

Answer 32

affect electrolyte balance | aldosterone

Question 33

Aldosterone

Answer 33

acts in distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts to increase Na+ and Cl- reabsorption and K+ and H+ secretion through aquaporins increases blood pressure

Question 34

cortisol

Answer 34

increases blood glucose levels by stimulating gluconeogenesis uses FAs for E and decreases glucose use in cell increases protien degradation

Question 35

Adenal medulla

Answer 35

catecholemines - norepinephrine and epinephrine

Question 36

epinephrine + norep

Answer 36

increase constriction of blood vessels to increase blood and oxygen flow to muscles

Question 37

Pancreas

Answer 37

insulin and glucagon

Question 38

insulin

Answer 38

released in pancreas Beta cells decreases glucose levels be stimulation uptake into cells, increasing storage of fats and CHs and making AAs into protiens cells become highly permeable to glucose after binding

Question 39

Glucagon

Answer 39

released in pancreas alpha cells increases glucose levels by stimulation glycogenolysis (break down of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis breaks down adipose tissue