endocrine system

Question 1

what is the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Complex network of integrated organs that communicate directives to help regulate all other body systems and maintain homeostasis.

Question 2

what is the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

region of the forebrain that governs the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system via pituitary gland.

Question 3

what is the pancreas

Answer 3

gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines for macronutrient breakdown; also produces the hormones insulin and glucagon for blood glucose regulation

Question 4

what is eustress?

Answer 4

positive forms of stress that influences psychological/physiological health, ex. exercise

Question 5

what is distress?

Answer 5

negative form of stress, ex. lack of sleep, over stress

Question 6

list 5 things that are influenced by eustress

Answer 6

neural efficiency, vascular compliance, O2 extraction, cardiac function, musculoskeletal integrity and function

Question 7

list 5 things that are influenced by distressed?

Answer 7

platelet adhesion, cortisol production, LDL and triglycerides, susceptibility to low grade inflation, low protein sparing mechanism

Question 8

what are steroid hormones?

Answer 8

cholesterol based compounds that serve various functions, related to but not limited to; sexual development, reproduction, tissue synthesis, inflammatory regulation and metabolism.

Question 9

what are polypeptides hormones?

Answer 9

chain of amino acids in the endocrine cells that attach to membrane receptors on cells the activate secondary messenger systems

Question 10

what are the function of receptors?

Answer 10

allow the appropriate hormone to impact given tissue

Question 11

what is an anabolic hormone, and is release in which gland?

Answer 11

compounds involved in creating protein synthesis and tissue growth, and is released in the pituitary gland

Question 12

what is are growth hormones?

Answer 12

promotes cell division and proliferation by facilitating protein synthesis; it protects glycogen reserves and limits carbohydrate metabolism by mobilizing lipids for fuel during exercise and also plays a role in recovery

Question 13

what is an Insulin-like growth factor?

Answer 13

considered to be a central signaling hormone for the promotion of muscle growth following resistance training (hypertrophy promoter)

Question 14

what are Gonadal Hormones?

Answer 14

including testosterone and estrogen, released from reproductive organs such as the testes and ovaries help regulate sex-specific characteristics and various protective elements

Question 15

what is testosterone?

Answer 15

anabolic hormone produced in men and women that stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., facial hair) and acts on gene expression for protein synthesis; men possess 10x the quantity of women

Question 16

what is estrogen?

Answer 16

steroid hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of female secondary characteristics (e.g., breast tissue) and is integral to bone maintenance in men and women; men convert testosterone into a form of estrogen (estradiol)

Question 17

what is hyperglycemia?

Answer 17

abnormally high blood glucose level which can potentially damage bodily tissues, including vascular structures (diabetes)

Question 18

what is hypoglycemia?

Answer 18

low blood sugar level that occurs when blood glucose concentrations drop below a critical level; the metabolic demands of the brain and central nervous system cannot be met

Question 19

what are the pancreas 2 main function?

Answer 19

the production of digestive enzymes that break down fat, carbohydrates, and proteins for absorption via the lining of the small intestine. Secondly regulate blood sugar levels by the release of insulin and glucagon

Question 20

what is glucagon?

Answer 20

functions to regulate blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver to release free glucose into circulation to increase levels

Question 21

what is insulin?

Answer 21

regulates blood glucose control and tissue growth, allows blood glucose to be pulled from the bloodstream into tissues based on need; dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance and diabetes

Question 22

what is a thyroid?

Answer 22

gland which serves as the primary regulator for growth and the rate of metabolism within the body; function is important for normal child development and lean mass maintenance. Manages the human metabolism via hormones

Question 23

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 23

abnormally low activity of the thyroid which usually results in weight gain and can retard growth as well as mental development

Question 24

where are the 2 adrenal glands?

Answer 24

the adrenal cortex, and the medulla

Question 25

what is cortisol and its roles in the body?

Answer 25

regulates numerous metabolic/cardiovascular functions and helps manage blood pressure; it is released in response to exercise stress and low blood glucose concentrations; a chronic elevation in cortisol is associated with overtraining

Question 26

what is epinephrine and its roles in the human body?

Answer 26

secreted by the adrenal glands during conditions of stress to increase blood circulation, ventilation, and carbohydrate metabolism to prepare muscles for exertion (a.k.a. adrenaline)

Question 27

what is norepinephrine and is role in the body?

Answer 27

secreted from the adrenal glands in response to stress by increasing blood pressure and blood glucose levels; has an affinity for different tissue receptors than epinephrine but facilitates similar responses

Question 28

what are catecholamines and their role in the body?

Answer 28

potent neurotransmitters that help the body respond to stress or elicit fight-or-flight responses (e.g., dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 29

what is a fight or flight response?

Answer 29

acute increase in adrenal hormone activity which expedites enhancements in cardiac output, blood flow, and energy metabolism to rapidly deal with a perceived stress/threat

Question 30

the hormone and action from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 30

growth hormone: stimulates IGF, protein synthesis, growth and metabolism

Question 31

the hormone and action from the thyroid?

Answer 31

thyroxine: stimulates metabolic rate, regulates cell growth and activity

Question 32

the hormone and action from the adrenal cortex?

Answer 32

cortisone: promote the use of fatty acids and protein catabolism, conserves sugar, maintains blood glucose levels. And aldosterone: promotes sodium, potassium metabolism and water retention

Question 33

what hormones and roles come from the adrenal medulla?

Answer 33

epinephrine: increases cardiac output, increases glycogen catabolism and fatty acid release. Norepinephrine: has properties of epinephrine and constricts blood vessels

Question 34

what hormones and role comes from the pancreas?

Answer 34

insulin: promotes glucose uptake by the cell, stores glycogen. Aids in protein synthesis. Glucagon: releases sugar from the liver into circulation

Question 35

what hormones come from the lever and their roles?

Answer 35

Insulin-Like Growth factors: Increases protein synthesis

Question 36

what hormone and roles come from the ovaries?

Answer 36

estrogen: simulates bone remodeling activity

Question 37

what hormone comes from the testes and their role?

Answer 37

testosterone: stimulates growth, increases protein anabolism, reduces body fat,

Question 38

what are the effects that resistance training has on hormones?

Answer 38

Growth hormone, cortisol, IGF, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, epinephrine, testosterone go up and insulin goes down.