Endocrine system (EFFECTS: where hormones go/what they do)

Question 1

Oxytocin
*from: post. pituitary

Answer 1

• Uterus: contractions for labor.
• Breast: initiates milk ejection.
  + “cuddle hormone” in brain

Question 2

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
*from: post. pituitary

Answer 2

• Kidneys: reabsorb more water > returns to bloodstream
  ANTI-PEE hormone

Question 3

Growth hormone
*from: ant. pituitary

Answer 3

Liver, muscle, bone etc: ANABOLIC -
Increases blood levels of glucose & fatty acids, Insulin-like growth factors etc.

Question 4

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
*from: ant. pituitary

Answer 4

Thyroid: tropin, controls development & activity (TH production and release)

Question 5

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
*from: ant. pituitary

Answer 5

Adrenal CORTEX: stimulates stress hormones

Question 5

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
*from: ant. pituitary
[ Gonadotropin ]

Answer 5

Gonads: stimulates gamete production (eggs & sperm)

Question 6

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
*from: ant. pituitary
[ Gonadotropin ]

Answer 6

Gonads: sex hormone production (T, estrogen, progesterone)
+ Ovulation in women

“Jacked guys (high T) LOOTing a store”

Question 7

Prolactin (PRL)
*from: ant. pituitary

Answer 7

Breast: milk production

Question 8

Thyroid hormone (TH)

Answer 8

T3 (triiodothyronine) - scarcer but stronger. 3 IODINE atoms.
T4 (thyroxine) - more prevalent but weaker. 4 IODINE atoms.

Increases metabolic rate : affects most cells with widespread effects

Question 9

Calcitonin

Answer 9

Skeleton: DECREASES blood calcium by stimulating uptake (antagonist w/ PTH)

Question 10

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 10

Skeleton, kidneys, intestine: INCREASES blood calcium**
- osteoclasts to break down bone
- kidneys & intestines to absorb more Ca2+ and activate vitamin D

Question 11

Mineralocorticoids

Answer 11

Regulate water & electrolyte balance (esp. Na+/K+) in body tissues

Ex: ALDOSTERONE - targets kidney tubules

(outermost layer of cortex - zona glomerulosa)

Question 12

Glucocorticoids

Answer 12

Manage cellular metabolism and help the body resist long-term stress (by raising blood sugar) + anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing

Ex: CORTISOL

(middle layer of cortex - zona fasciculata)

Question 13

Gonadocorticoids

Answer 13

Sex steroid hormones, mostly “Weak androgens” like DHEA

(innermost layer of cortex - zona reticularis)

Question 14

Catecholamines

Answer 14

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: “fight or flight” response

Question 15

Melatonin (pineal)

Answer 15

SLEEP, circadian rhythm (via suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus), ANTIOXIDANT and more

Question 16

Insulin (pancreas)

Answer 16

DECREASES blood sugar, out of blood, into cells
Hypoglycemic hormone

Question 17

Glucagon (pancreas)

Answer 17

INCREASES blood sugar, out of storage, into blood
Main target = liver: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

Question 18

Estrogens & progesterone (ovaries)

Answer 18

Reproductive maturation, secondary female sex characteristics, breast dev. & menstrual cycle regulation

Stim. by gonadotropins FSH & LH

Question 19

Testosterone / other androgens

Answer 19

Male reproductive maturation & function, secondary male sex characteristics, sperm production, sex drive

Stim. by gonadotropins FSH & LH

Question 20

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Answer 20

From PLACENTA (temporary endocrine organ): influences pregnancy, blood test for pregnancy

Question 21

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Answer 21

Secreted by cells of atria (HEART) - DECREASES NA+ in extracellular fluid, causing BP & blood volume to decrease

Atrial NA+triuretic Peptide

Question 22

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 22

Secreted by Interstitial cells of KIDNEYS: causes **bone marrow to increase production of RBCs

Question 23

Renin

Answer 23

By kidneys: RAISES BP via “renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism”

Question 24

Cholecalciferol

Answer 24

Produced by SKIN in response to UV exposure: Inactive form of D3 > modified in liver > fully activated in kidneys

Question 25

Leptin (adipose cells)

Answer 25

Gauge for amount of stored energy (fat): more = higher leptin, **suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure

Question 26

Resistin (adipose cells)

Answer 26

Antagonist to insulin, keeps blood sugar higher "RESISTS action of Insulin"

Question 27

Adiponectin (adipose cells)

Answer 27

Increases insulin sensitivity

Question 28

Osteocalcin

Answer 28

Secreted by osteoblasts: tells pancreas to release more insulin Bones: "I'm building"