endocrine system + nervous system + reflex arc - 2

Question 1

what does the endocrine system do?

Answer 1

regulates mood, metabolism, tissue function, growth and developement, and reproductive processes

Question 2

what is this system made up of?

Answer 2

glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 3

hormones

Answer 3

chemical messengers that target a specific group of cells, in order to do some actvity or to stop doing an activity
- they act by binding to chemical receptors on specific levels called target cells
- they are proteins with specific shapes that match the receptors on their target cells
- they may not be produced until specific times in a person’s life

Question 4

hormones communicate with cells by:

Answer 4

• heading towards their target cell in the blood stream to bring about a particular change or effect to that cell.
• binding with specific protein receptors inside or on the surface of the cell and specifically changing the cell’s activities

Question 5

glands

Answer 5

structures that produce hormones (chemicals that serve as messengers for the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis)

Question 6

hypothalamus

Answer 6

both systems use it to sense, regulate, and process change in the body and restore them to normal through feedback loops

Question 7

The Glands of the Endocrine System

Answer 7

• hypothalamus
• pituitary gland
• thyriod gland
• parathyroids
• adrenal glands
• pancreas
• ovary
• testis

Question 8

Pituitary gland

Answer 8

• the master gland because it affects mult. organs in th ebody
• it is a bean sized organ found at the base of the brain
• secretes hormones that regulate many body functions & controls the cation of other endocrine glands by actuvating them or turning them off

Question 9

Hypothalamus

Answer 9

• found next to the pituitary gland
• it links the nervous system and the endocrine system
• it controls the secretions of the pituitary gland & recieves internl sensory information
• the activity level of the hypothalamus depends by the levels of hormones alr present in the blood
• it secretes a hormone that will trigger and activate the pituitary gland to secrete other hormones that have effects all over the body

Question 10

Adrenal Glands

Answer 10

- pyramid shaped structures, found on top of the kidneys
- they’re glands that help the body recover from stress and respond to emergencies by secreting several different hormones
- aldosterone is a hormone that inhibits the amount of sodium excreted in urine and serves to maintain blood volume and pressure
- the hormone cortisol aids in the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
- the hormones epinephrine plays a role in the body’s response to stress

Question 11

thyroid glands

Answer 11

• base of the neck
• play a major role in regulating the body’s metabolism, which can impact weight
• produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bne growth

Question 12

parathyroid glands

Answer 12

4 small glands that release hormones that regulate the calcium levels in the body which can impact bone density

Question 13

pancreas

Answer 13

works in the digestive system as a gland that produces digestive enzymes ancd in the endocrine system a sa gland that produces the hormone, insulin and glucagon

Question 14

insulin

Answer 14

the hormone which regulates teh amount of glucose in the blood

Question 15

glucagon

Answer 15

promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

Question 16

the hormones that help regulate blood glucose levels

Answer 16

insulin and glucagon

Question 17

blood glucose

Answer 17

amount of sugar in the blood;
normal level: 80-120 mg in 100ml of blood

Question 18

what does the thyroid produce?

Answer 18

thyroxine

Question 19

what does thyroxine do?

Answer 19

regulates the way cells reease energy from nutrients

Question 20

People who produce too much thyroxine will experience what symptoms?

Answer 20

nervousness, weight loss, increased thirst, rapid heartbeat, and an intolerance for heat

Question 21

how does teh body react when your thyroid is overactive?

Answer 21

the pituitary senses this and slows or shuts down the production of TSH

Question 22

how does teh body react to when you have a low thyroid hormone amount?

Answer 22

the pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone to signal the thyroid to release more thyroid hormone

Question 23

neurons

Answer 23

cells inside the brain, are electrically active chemical factories that carry messages to and from the brain and body, and within our brain

• All the neurons you will ever have are present at birth
• they don’t divide to make new cells
• they grow and make connections within our brains as we age
• the more connections we have, the better

Question 24

glial cells

Answer 24

support and feed the neurons, packed around them

Question 25

macrophage

Answer 25

clears up dead cells and kills germs

Question 26

signals that pass through neurons

Answer 26

they result in our sensations, thoughts, movements, memories, and feelings

Question 27

Neurons are made up of 4 parts:

Answer 27

- dendrites - the cell body - axon - axon terminal

Question 28

the cell body

Answer 28

- contains the nucleus, where most of the molecules that the neuron needs to survive and function are made and where neurotransmitters are made

Question 29

neurotransmitters

Answer 29

chemical messengers which help messages travel from neuron to neuron

Question 30

Path of signals through the neuron

Answer 30

**dendrites** --> (through) **cell body** --> (down) **axon** (covered in myelin) --> signal stimulates **sacs**, which release **neurotransmitters** --> (into) the **synapse**

Question 31

dendrites

Answer 31

- extend out from the cell body and recieve messages from other nerve cells (look like branches). - recieve stimulus and then send an electrical signal towards the cell body

Question 32

axon

Answer 32

**Gets messages to where they're needed** messages will travel at different speeds down it. If it has had other cells wrapped around it to form a **sheath**, then the messages will travel much faster. ## Footnote - part of the neuron that moves an electrical signal from the cell body to the end of the neuron, the axon terminal - there, it communicates w/ other neurons, muscles, or glands

Question 33

sheath

Answer 33

made up of a fatty molecule called myelin, which increases speed of transmission chemical activity only occurs when there's no fat along the axon, causing it to travel faster

Question 34

Axon Terminal

Answer 34

- part of th eneuron where neurotransmitters are released into the empty space between neurons (synapse) - These chemicals send the impulse to the next neuron, muscle, or gland

Question 35

synapse

Answer 35

the place where a signal passes from one neuron to the next - neurotransmitters cross it and attatch to a neighboring cell, and the process continues until it reaches where it's being sent ## Footnote - electrical signals called action potentials are translated into chemical signals called neurotransmitters that cross the gap

Question 36

The Nervous System has two systems:

Answer 36

1. Central Nervous System 2. Peripheral Nervous System

Question 37

CNS

Answer 37

- brain + spinal cord - interprets sensory info to make decisions

Question 38

PNS

Answer 38

- sensory neurons + motor neurons in bundles - neurons that project between the CNS out of the spinal cord connect the nervous system to the rest of the body

Question 39

neurons that form the reflex arc

Answer 39

sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons

Question 40

what is a reflex arc?

Answer 40

neural pathways that reflexes occur over

Question 41

sensory receptor

Answer 41

reacts to stimuli

Question 42

effector organ

Answer 42

muscle or gland that reacts

Question 43

Interneurons

Answer 43

- recieve signal - send to CNS - relay to motor

Question 44

Motor

Answer 44

carry nerve impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands to carry out a specific task

Question 45

Neurons

Answer 45

- cells that pass electrical and chemical signals along pathways in the bran and body - when neurons are signaled by the brain, they send action potentials to message other cells, continue transmitting a signal, or release neurotransmitters - info from one neuron flows to another neuron across a small gap called a **synapse**

Question 46

Path of Action Potential

Answer 46

Dendrites --> Cell Body --> Axon --> Axon Terminal

Question 47

Path of Action Potential Detailed

Answer 47

1. Signal recieved at **Dendrites** 2. Travels through the **cell body** 3. Continues down the **axon** (moves quickly because of **myelin sheath**) 4. Reaches the **axon terminal** & releases a neurotransmitter into the **synapse** recieve and relay to multiple cells

Question 48

Neural Pathway

Answer 48

1. stimulus 2. Dendrite (skin) 3. sensory neuron 4. interneuron 5. part of brain (hypothalamus) 6. motor neuron 7. receptor 8. movement (result)

Question 49

4 lobes of the brain

Answer 49

1. frontal lobe (reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language) 2. parietal lobe (integrating sensory information, including touch, temperature, pressure and pain.) 3. temporal lobe (processing affect/emotions, language, and certain aspects of visual perception) 4. occipital lobe (visual perception, including colour, form and motion)