Endocrine System Overview

Question 1

The adrenal gland which is an endocrine gland is controlled by the __________

Answer 1

sympathetic nervous system

Question 2

Stimulating the adrenal gland will release ______ and _________

Answer 2

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Question 3

The nervous system meets the endocrine system at the __________-pituitary interface

Answer 3

hypothalmic

Question 4

The hypothalamus is the main integrative system for the ________ and _______ nervous system

Answer 4

endocrine, autonomic

Question 5

What are the 7 glands and their function.

Answer 5

Hypothalamus:
-links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland
Pituitary:
-secretes hormones into bloodstream, some of which affect other glands
Thyroid:
-produces hormones for metabolism
Parathyroid:
-produces PTH which raises blood calcium levels
Adrenal:
-triggers the fight-or-flight response
Pancreas:
-regulates blood sugar levels
Testis/Ovaries
-secretes sex hormones

Question 6

Treatment of endocrine disorders is aimed at restoring the appropriate balance of _______ of dysfunctional glands in response to over or under function.

Answer 6

hormones

Question 7

What can happen when the hypothalamus or pituitary is dysfunctional?

Answer 7

There can be multi-site dysfunction.

Question 8

The anterior pituitary releases ____ to adrenals, ___ to the thyroid, and ___ to the testes/ovaries

Answer 8

• ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
• TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Question 9

The feedback loop back to the pituitary functions to do what?

Answer 9

Stop the release of that certain hormone

Question 10

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Interface:
What do these hormones do to the pituitary?

• Growth hormone-releasing hormone
• Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
• Gonadotropic-releasing hormone
• Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone
• Prolactin-inhibitory factor

Answer 10

• Increases GH release
• Decreases GH release
• Increases LH and FSH release
• Increases TSH release
• Increases ACTH release
• Decreases Ph release

Question 11

The pituitary gland works in conjuction with the _________ to regulate endocrine function

Answer 11

hypothalamus

Question 12

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

Answer 12

• GH
• LH and FSH to gonads (testes/ovaries)
• TSH to the thyroid
• ACTH to the adrenal gland
• Pr (prolactin) to tissue enabling production of milk

Question 13

What does the posterior pituitary releases?

Answer 13

• oxytocin which is important in childbirth

- ADH to the kidneys

Question 14

• Dysfunction in the pituitary gland will lead to disregulation in ________ growth.
• If there is insufficent GH you will end up with what?
• If there is too much GH you will end up with what?

Answer 14

• somatic
• hypopituitarism (dwarfism)
• hyperpituitarism (gigantism) (acromegaly in adults)

Question 15

Hypopituitarism can lead to:

• short stature
• ____glycemia
• lethargy
• gonodal failure
• vision problems

What can happen if the posterior lobe is affected?

Answer 15

• hypo

- diabetes insipidus (inbalance of water due to ADH deficiency)

Question 16

What is the difference between gigantism and acromegaly?

Answer 16

They both involve an excessive action of IGF-1 but acromegaly occurs after the growth plate cartilage fuses in adulthood.

Question 17

The thyroid gland regulates _______ rate and secretes hormones __________, __________ and______

Answer 17

• metabolic

- Thyroxine (T4),Triodothronine (T3), calcitonin

Question 18

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions to increase ___ levels by taking it from _____, GI tract, and _______

Answer 18

• Ca+

- bones, GI tract, and kidneys

Question 19

Hypoparathyroidism results in what?

This means hyperparathyroidism results in what?

Answer 19

• hypocalcemia and thus osteoporosis

- hypercalcemia

Question 20

Where are the adrenal glands located and what are they responsible for?
What does the adrenal medulla release?
What does the cortex release?

Answer 20

• Located on top of the kidneys and are responsible for the fight-or-flight response.
• They release Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
• mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids

Question 21

Aldosterone is involved with __ regulation

Answer 21

BP

Question 22

Adrenocortical hypofunction can result in what disease?

Adrenocortical hyperfunction can result in what disease?

Answer 22

• Addison’s disease

- Cushing’s disease

Question 23

Gonads regulate ________ function and secondary sexual characteristics.

Answer 23

reproductive

Question 24

The hypothalamus releases GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone ) which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release what?

Answer 24

LH and FSH

Question 25

LH functions to do what?

Answer 25

Stimulate sex steroid production in gonads

Question 26

FSH is a major regulator of ______ production

Answer 26

gamete

Question 27

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

Answer 27

Producing digestion enzymes

Question 28

It also works as an endocrine gland by secreting what hormones?

Answer 28

insulin and glucagon

Question 29

Pancreas Islets of Langerhans: -alpha cells: produce ______ -beta cells: produce _____ delta cells: produce ______

Answer 29

- alpha cell produce glucagon in order to increase blood glucose (glycogenolysis) - beta cells produce insulin which lower blood glucose by facilitating blood glucose into cells metabolism - delta cells produce somatastatin which regulate the release of insulin and glocagon

Question 30

What can pancreas dysfunction lead to? Type I is typically _______ onset, typically involved with an _______ insulin deficiency Type II is traditionally _____ onset, involved in a _______ insulin deficiency

Answer 30

- diabetes mellitus - juvenile, absolute - adult, variable

Question 31

Glucagon main function is to do what?

Answer 31

Mobilize glycogen stores in liver to increase blood glucose

Question 32

Insulin main function is to do what?

Answer 32

Stimulate transport of glucose from blood into muscle and fat

Question 33

Type I typically requires ______ while type II may need it.

Answer 33

Insulin

Question 34

A1C measures the percent of _______ hemoglobin. | What is the goal percentage of A1C?

Answer 34

- glycated | - <7%

Question 35

Hormone chemistry: - Steroid hormones - derived from lipids such as __________ - Ex: androgens, glucocorticoids - Peptide hormones - Sequences chain of ____ _____ - Ex: pituitary hormones, hypothalamic releasing factors - Single amino acid - Modified from single amino acid - Ex: thyroid hormones (T3,T4) made from tyrosine

Answer 35

- cholesterol | - amino acids

Question 36

Most hormones are synthesized within cells of _______ ______ and packages in storage granules. _______ and ______ hormones are synthesized on demand (not stored)

Answer 36

- endocrine gland | - thyroid and steroid

Question 37

Hormones can be released by _______ and _______ factors

Answer 37

- extrinsic (pain, smell, fear) - intrinsic (humoral and neural factors) - hormone release occurs in response to another hormone - hormone release occurs from neural control

Question 38

Intrinsic feedback loops help maintain __________

Answer 38

homeostasis

Question 39

Negative feedback loop: | Increased release of hormone results in ________ of release

Answer 39

inhibition

Question 40

Exogenous glucocorticoids can suppress ____________ production

Answer 40

endogenous

Question 41

What are the clinical uses of endocrine drugs?

Answer 41

- Replacement therapy - Diagnosis of endocrine disorders - Treatment of excessive endocrine function - Exploitation of beneficial hormone effects - Use of hormones to alter normal endocrine function - Use of hormones in nonendocrine disease