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anatomy > Endocrine system part 1 > Flashcards

Endocrine system part 1 Flashcards

chapters 17&18

1
Q

what process does our bodies rely on?

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

what 2 regulatory systems tell our cells when to alter activity and how?

A
  • nervous system via neurotransmitters
  • endocrine system via hormones
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3
Q

the nervous and endocrine system are _____

A

synergistic

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4
Q

how are the nervous system and endocrine system similar? (2)

A
  • uses chemicals for communication
  • binds to receptors to induce change
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5
Q

how does the nervous system target cells?

how does the endocrine?

A
  • neurons DIRECTLY affect target cells
  • hormones TRAVEL via bloodstream to target cells
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6
Q

what is the response rate for the nervous system?

endocrine system?

A
  • nervous: rapid response; short lasting
  • endocrine: response within seconds to days; longer lasting
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7
Q

which system targets SPECIFIC receptors vs generalized tissue?

A

Endocrine system targets specific receptors

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8
Q

describe the difference between the effects of the nervous system vs endocrine

A

Nervous system has a localized effect, endocrine has a widespread effect

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9
Q

what are the primary organs of the endocrine system? (9)

A
  • anterior pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • adrenal cortex/gland
  • pancreas
  • thymus
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
  • gonads
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10
Q

what are the secondary organs of the endocrine system? (5)

A
  • heart
  • liver
  • kidneys
  • skin
  • GI tract
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11
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary organs?

A

Primary organs are primarily concerned with pumping out hormones, secondary organs are NOT primarily producing hormones although they still can

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12
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

paracrine?

endocrine?

A

1- chemical targets itself or the same cell type

2- chemical targets nearby different cell types

3- chemical targets far away different cell types

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13
Q

T/F hormones were once thought of as exclusively endocrine signals

A

TRUE - however research proves they can do all 3 (endocrine is most common)

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14
Q

what types of stimuli can initiate hormone secretion? (3)

A

hormonal, humoral, neural

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15
Q

describe hormonal stimuli, give an example

A
  • hormone stimulates hormone

EX: The hypothalamus secretes GHRH which stimulates the secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary gland

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16
Q

describe humoral stimuli, give an example

A
  • “Humors” stimulate hormones. Ions or molecules in the blood or extracellular fluid stimulate hormone secretion.

EX: high levels of glucose in the blood stimulate the pancreas to release insulin

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17
Q

describe neural stimuli, give an example

A
  • signals from the nervous system stimulate hormone secretion

EX: sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

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18
Q

what factor tells us a lot about a hormone?

A

whether or not they like water

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19
Q

if a hormone is hydroPHOBIC, how does it travel.

How do hydroPHILIC hormones travel?

A
  • hydrophobic hormones need an extra chaperone protein
  • hydrophilic hormones travel freely (bc the blood has water in it)
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20
Q

hormones circulate until _____________

A

they are taken up by a target cell or broken down by the liver or kidney

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21
Q

t/f hydrophobic hormones are removed faster

A

FALSE - Hydrophilic hormones are removed faster.

Hydrophobic hormones are removed slower because the body has to break down the extra chaperone protein.

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22
Q

what 3 locations are receptors commonly found?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • within the cytosol
  • within the nucleus
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23
Q

where are the receptors for hydrophilic hormones? Why

A

100% embedded within the plasma membrane.

The membrane is lipid-based so hydrophilic hormones can’t readily pass through it.

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24
Q

where are the receptors for hydrophobic hormones?

A

intracellular; cytosol or nucleus

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25
Q

how are receptors controlled?

A

up/downregulation

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26
Q

What is “upregulation” of receptors?

A

increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormones

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27
Q

What is “downregulation” of receptors?

A

Decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone

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28
Q

List the amino acid based hormones (3)

A

-Amine

-Peptide

-Protein

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29
Q

what are amine hormones; EX

A
  • single AA
  • modified groups

EX: (norepinephrine’s) carboxyl group is replaced with a benzene ring

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30
Q

what are peptide hormones; EX

A
  • several AAs
  • short chains of linked amino acids

EX: Oxytocin

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31
Q

what are protein hormones; EX

A
  • whole protein
  • long chains of linked amino acids

EX: Human Growth Hormone

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32
Q

amino acid-based hormones are typically:

A

USUALLY hydrophilic; water soluble

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33
Q

What are steroid hormones? describe them; EX

A
  • derived from the lipid cholesterol
  • ALWAYS hydrophobic; lipid-soluble
  • hydrocarbon ring structure

EX: testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

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34
Q

why are thyroid hormones an exception?

A

They are amino acid based yet they are hydrophobic

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35
Q

what 2 mechanisms of hormone action do hydrophilic hormones use

A
  1. binding to receptors that are ion channels (influence opening/closing)
  2. (most popular) second messenger system, G protein mediated
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36
Q

describe the second messenger system (5 steps)

A
  1. hydrophilic hormone (first messenger) binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane
  2. The receptor activates a peripheral protein (G protein)
  3. The peripheral protein either activates or inhibits an enzyme
  4. Enzyme speeds up the formation of a second messenger!
  5. the second messenger initiates a series of events that leads to a change in cellar activity
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37
Q

what serves as a vital role through activation of protein kinase?

A
  • adenylate cyclase-camp system
  • cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)
  • phosphorylates ATP; alters proteins
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38
Q

steps of cAMP

A
  • hormone binds to receptor
  • receptor activates G protein
  • G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  • adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
  • cAMP activates protein kinase
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39
Q

what does kinase do 4

A

triggers responses of target cell, activates enzymes, stimulates cellular secretion, opens ion channels

40
Q

what hormones act via cAMP mechanisms (8)

A

Epinephrine, ACTH, FSH, LH, Glucagon, PTH, TSH, Calcitonin

41
Q

describe the mechanisms of hormone action for hydrophobic hormones

A
  • much easier bc they can pass through the membrane
  • forms a hormone-receptor complex that usually interacts with DNA to change the rate of protein synthesis
42
Q

steps of hydrophobic hormone action

A
  1. lipid soluble hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane
  2. hormone binds with receptor in cytoplasm forming a receptor-hormone complex
  3. receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus and triggers gene transcription
  4. transcribed mRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity
43
Q

what are the effects of hormone actions (6)

A
  • stimulating secretion from an endocrine or exocrine cell
  • activating or inhibiting enzymes
  • stimulating or inhibiting mitosis and/or meiosis
  • opening or closing ion channels
  • altering membrane potential
  • activating or inhibiting transcription of genes that code for RNA or proteins
44
Q

different hormones can ____________ bind to a cell, and their effects may _______

A

simultaneously; interact

45
Q

describe synergistic interactions; EX

A
  • one hormone reinforces activity of another hormone

EX: estrogen and progesterone effects on a target cell

46
Q

describe permissive interactions; EX

A
  • one hormone requires the activity of another hormone

EX: oxytocin’s milk ejection effect requires prolactin’s milk generating effect

47
Q

describe antagonistic interactions; EX

A
  • one hormone opposes the activity of another hormone

EX: glucagon increases blood glucose while insulin lowers it

48
Q

hormones ultimately function to ______ ________

A

maintain homeostasis

49
Q

homeostasis usually involves ?

A

multiple hormones acting together (synergistic or permissive)

50
Q

what is it called when hormones work to inhibit others

A

antagonistic

51
Q

what can hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature tell us about a hormone (4)

A
  • how they travel in blood
  • where their receptors are
  • how they elicit a response
  • how easily they are degraded
52
Q

describe the anatomical structure of the hypothalamus

A
  • small anterior inferior portion of the diencephalon
  • connected to the pituitary CLOSELY via the infundibulum
  • two parts; anterior and posterior
53
Q

the anterior part of the pituitary means? posterior?

A
  • adenohypophysis; adeno means gland
  • neurohypophysis; nervous tissue
54
Q

what does the hypothalamus regulate? (6)

A
  • hunger
  • thirst
  • fluid balance
  • body temp
  • sleep cycle
  • reproductive functions
55
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

A
  • a system of capillary beds resting on the infundibulum and pituitary gland
56
Q

hormones from the ________ use the portal system to _______________

A
  • hypothalamus
  • bypass systemic circulation
57
Q

what are the steps of the hypophyseal portal system (4)

A
  1. axon terminals of the hypothalamic neurosecretory cells release hormones (RHs and IHs) into the portal system
  2. the RHs and IHs travel to the anterior pituitary
  3. the RHs and IHs stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from anterior pituitary cells
  4. anterior pituitary hormones leave the gland via the blood
58
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize and release? (7)

A
  • Growth hormone-inhibiting (GIH)
  • growth hormone-releasing (GRH)
  • prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
  • prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
59
Q

t/f the hypothalamohypophyseal portal system has two plexi

A

TRUE- primary (on top) and secondary plexus (on bottom)

also has portal veins in the middle

60
Q

the posterior pituitary is nervous tissue, what does this mean?

A

It does not MAKE any hormones

61
Q

what is the function of the posterior pituitary gland

A

to store and release two neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin) and oxytocin

62
Q
  • What is another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
  • ADH is a major hormone for _______
A
  • vasopressin
  • water balance
63
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

  • made by?
  • travels how?
  • stored where?
  • secreted where/when?
A
  • made by hypothalamic neurons
  • travel through axons into the infundibulum
  • stored in axon terminals of the posterior pituitary
  • secreted into blood when neurons fire action potential
64
Q

antidiuretic hormone increases ________, decreases _______ _________, stimulates ________, and constricts _________

A
  • increases water retention of kidneys
  • decreases urine production
  • stimulates thirst
  • constricts blood vessels
65
Q

how does ADH utilize the G protein second messenger system? (3)

A
  • inserts aquaporins into renal tubule cells
  • water can now reenter cytosol of kidney cells and then into extracellular fluid
  • water enters blood via osmosis
66
Q

Howdo we know when we need more ADH?

A
  • osmoreceptor cells measure the solute (Na) concentration of blood and respond to abnormally high/low levels of solute concentrations
67
Q

Too much ADH leads to

A

high BP

68
Q
  • what is diabetes insipidus
  • symptoms?
  • treatment?
A
  • abnormal lack of ADH (cant retain water)
  • extreme thirst, dehydration, excessive urine production, lack of concentration, dry mouth, rapid heart rate, low blood pressure, muscle cramps, dry eyes, weight loss, lightheaded
  • administration of synthetic ADH (vasopressin)
69
Q

T/F diabetes insipidus is related to type 1/2 diabetes

A

false - DI has nothing to do with type 1 or type 2 diabetes

70
Q

how is oxytocin made

A

same way as ADH

71
Q

function of oxytocin

A
  • primarily reproductive functions > targets mammary tissue and smooth muscle cells of the uterus
  • in males, it facilitates the movement of sperm
72
Q

oxytocin uses _________ feedback

A

hormonal positive feedback loop

73
Q

the hypothalamus controls most of the AP via ___________

A

releasing/inhibiting hormones delivered via the hypophyseal portal system

74
Q

how is the anterior pituitary maintained

A

via negative feedback

75
Q

what are the 3 tiers of control

A

1st - hypothalamus

2nd - AP

3rd - target organ

after reaching the target organ, the desired effect occurs

76
Q

GnRH stands for what?

What pituitary hormone does it stimulate?

A
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • stimulates Luteinizing hormone (LH) OR follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
77
Q

what does LH target, whats the effect

A
  • reproductive system
  • stimulates the production of sex hormones by gonads
78
Q

what does FSH target, whats the effect

A
  • reproductive system
  • stimulates the production of sperm and eggs
79
Q

what does TRH stand for

what AP hormone does it stimulate

A
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
80
Q

what does TSH target and whats the effect

A

targets the thyroid gland and stimulates the release of thyroid hormone (TH) which regulates metabolism.

81
Q

what does PRH stand for

what AP hormone does it stimulate

A
  • Prolactin releasing hormone
  • stimulates Prolactin hormone (PRL)
82
Q

what does PRL target and what’s the effect

A

targets the mammary glands; promotes milk production

83
Q

what does GHRH stand for

what AP hormone does it stimulate

A
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone
  • stimulates growth hormone (GH)(somatotrophin)
84
Q

what does GH target, what are the effects

A

targets the liver, bone, and muscles. It induces targets to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGF). IGFs stimulate body growth and a higher metabolic rate

85
Q

what does CRH stand for

what AP hormone does it stimulate

A
  • corticotropin releasing hormone
  • stimulates adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (corticotropin)
86
Q

what does ACTH target and what’s the effect

A

targets the adrenal glands and induces targets to produce glucocorticoids which regulate metabolism and the stress response

87
Q

what are the AP hormones? (8)

A
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • prolactin
  • luteinizing hormone
  • follicle-stimulating hormone
  • growth hormone/somatotrophin
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone
  • endorphins
88
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone is

stimulated by:

inhibited by:

function:

A
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • somatostatin
  • stimulates development of thyroid gland and thyroid hormones
89
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone is

stimulated by:

inhibited by:

function:

A
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone
  • blood cortisol
  • stimulates the development of adrenal glands and their steroid hormones
90
Q

what causes post partum depression

A

Dopamine inhibits milk production so after birth their dopamine levels drop

91
Q

Prolactin hormone is

stimulated by:

inhibited by:

function:

A
  • prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
  • prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine)
  • stimulates milk production and uterine contractions
92
Q

Luteinizing hormone is

stimulated by:

inhibited by:

function:

A
  • gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • products such as testosterone, estrogen, and negative feedback
  • stimulates testosterone, estrogen, progesterone production, and triggers the release of oocytes in ovulation
93
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone is

stimulated by:

inhibited by:

function:

A
  • gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
  • products (testosterone, estrogen, negative feedback)
  • concentrates testosterone, production of estrogen, and maturation of ovarian follicles
94
Q

Growth hormone/somatotrophin is

stimulated by:

inhibited by:

function:

A
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • somatostatin
  • regulates growth
95
Q

what is the function of melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A
  • stimulates the activity of melanosomes in melanocytes in skin/hair
96
Q

what is the function of endorphins

A

block pain perception, inhibit cortisol production, elevates mood

anatomy (17 decks)

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