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Systems Physiology > Endocrine System Part 1: Characteristics of Hormone and Hormone Control systems > Flashcards

Endocrine System Part 1: Characteristics of Hormone and Hormone Control systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • ductless organs or groups of cells that secrete hormones directly into blood or other bodily fluids
  • single gland can secrete multiple hormones
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2
Q

3 major structural classes of hormones

A
  • amines
    -peptides and proteins
  • steroids
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3
Q

amine hormones are derived from

A

amino acid tyrosine

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4
Q

amine hormons include

A

thyroid hormones (thyroid gland)
- contain iodine

catecholamines
- norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenal medula)
- dopamine (hypothalamus)

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5
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • (2) one above each kidney
  • contains adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
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6
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes catecholamines

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7
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes steroid hormones

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8
Q

adrenal medulla secretes more

A

4x more epinephrine than norepinephrine (enzyme PNMT that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine)

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9
Q

Dopamine is synthesized in

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q
  • Dopamine is released into a
  • Where it acts to
A

portal system
carries the hormone to pituitary gland, where it acts to inhibit the activity of certain endocrine cells

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11
Q

Peptide and protein hormones

A

range from small peptides with 3 amino acids to large proteins

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12
Q

Synthesis of Peptide hormones

A

ribosomes of endocrine cells: preprohormones produced –> cleaved by proteolytic enzymes in Rough ER into prohormones —> post translational modification: prohormone cleaved into active hormone and other peptide chains (may also exert hormonal effects)

Ex: insulin and C-peptide

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13
Q

Steroid Hormones
- structure
- produced by

A
  • ring like structure
  • adrenal cortex and gonads (testes and ovaries), placenta during pregnancy
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14
Q

Vitamin D

A

enzymatically converted in the body to an active steroid hormone

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15
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis

A

anterior pituitary gland hormone binds to plasma membrane receptor to stimulate hormone producing cells

receptors linked to Gs protein –> adelylyl cyclase to cAMP to protein Kinase A to phosphorylation

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16
Q

all steroid hormones are derived from

A
  • cholesterol
  • taken up from extracellular fluid by cells or synthesized by intracellular enzymes (in ovary enzymes needed to turn testosterone into estradiol)
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17
Q

Since steroid hormones are lipophilic, once synthesized

A

diffuse across plasma membrane and are bound to carrier proteins (albumin)

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18
Q

5 major hormones of the adrenal cortex

A
  • Aldosterone
  • cortisol
  • corticosterone
  • dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
  • androstenedione
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19
Q

Aldosterone
aka

A

mineralocorticoid bc of salt balance on kidney
(Na+ and HO retention, K+ and H+ excretion in urine)

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20
Q

How angiotensin II produces aldosterone briefly and differently

A
  • binds to plasma membrane receptors in the adrenal cortex to activate the IP3 messenger pathway
  • different as cAMO mediated pathway used to produce most other steroid hormones
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21
Q

Cortisol and corticosterone are called

A

gluccocorticoids because they have important effects on metabolism of glucose and other organic nutrints

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22
Q

Cortisol effects organic metabolism as well as

A
  • facilitate body’s response to stress
  • regulation of immune system
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23
Q

DHEA and androstenedione belong to

A
  • androgens which also includes testosterone (testes) but are much less potent that testosterone
  • functions in female (less in male), and in both sexes during puberty
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24
Q

Structure of adrenal cortex (3)

A
  • Zona glomerulosa: synthesizes corticosterone and converts it to aldosterone
  • Zona fasciculata: primarly cortisol
  • Zona reticulus: primarily androgens
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25
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
excess adrenal androgen results in virilization of female gentilia
26
Hormones of Gonads
endocrine cells in ovaries and testes produce androstenedione
27
ovarian endocrine cells produce estrogens
- estradiol - estrone
28
ovarian endocrine cells express large amounts of enzyme
aromatase androgens to estrogens Figure 11.8
29
Testes produce mainly
testosterone with small amounts of estradiol
30
progesterone
after ovulation in ovaries it is released to maintain pregnancy
31
peptide hormones and catecholamines are soluble
in plasma
32
steroid and thyroid hormones
poorly soluble - mostly bound to plasma proteins - some are free hormones which can diffuse out of capillaries and reach target cell
33
Hormones concentration in plasma is dependent on
- rate of secretion by endocrine gland - rate of removal by the blood
34
what organs metabolize or excrete hormones
- liver and kidneys
35
sometimes a hormone is metabolized by the
cell it acts upon
36
catecholamines and peptide hormones are
rapidly removed from the blood
37
steroid and thyroid hormones
removed more slowly bc they are bound to plasma proteins
38
sometimes the metabolism of a hormone can
activate it Ex: T4 turned into more active T3
39
up regulation
increase in number of a hormone's receptor in a cell due to prolonged exposure to a low concentration of a hormone
40
down regulation
decrease in receptor number due to exposure to a high concentration of hormone - decreases cells responsiveness
41
permissiveness
hormone A must be present for hormone B to excert its full effect
42
Example of permissiveness
thyroid hormones causes up regulation of beta adrenergic receptors of epinephrine epinephrine releases a large amount of fatty acids
43
receptors for peptide hormones and catecholamines is located on
extracellular surface of plasma membrane of target cell bc they are too hydrophilic to diffuse through
44
these activated receptors directly influence
- the enzyme activity that is part of the receptor - activation of cytoplasmic janus kinases - g proteins that effect second messengers like cAMP and Ca2+
45
Binding of a steroid hormone results to its receptor leads to
activation/ inhibition of transcription of certain genes - receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones are intracellular
46
pharmacological effects of hormones
large doses can cause effects that are not usually observed at normal physiological conditions
47
hormone secretion is under the control of three inputs to endocrine cells
- ions or nutrients - neurotransmitters released - other hormones acting on the cell
48
more than one input may influence secretion, example:
insulin secretion influenced by extracellular glucose concentrations as well as branches of the autonomic NS
49
insulin secretion
stimulated by increase in plasma glucose concentration, insulin then in turns acts upon skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to to promote facilitated diffusion of glucose across the plasma membrane back into the cytosol thus returning back to normal concentrations negative feedback loop
50
parathyroid hormone secretion
decreased Ca2+ release PTH acts upon bone and other tissue to release Ca2+ back into the blood
51
the adrenal medulla is a
modified sympathetic ganglion and is stimulated by sympathetic neuron fibers acted on by the autonomic NS +
52
the autonomic NS controls
endocrine glands as well - parasympathetic - - sympathetic +
53
a large group of hormones (secreted by the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary)
is under direct control of the brain itself
54
tropic hormone
main def: a hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone -also stimulates the growth of the stimulated gland - some hormones inhibit the secretion of other hormones
55
primary hypo secretion
- partial or total destruction of the gland - enzyme deficiency leading to decreased synthesis of the hormone - dietary decrease in iodine, decreased secretion of thyroid hormones
56
secondary hypo secretion
- receiving too little stimulation of its trophic hormone - or rarely excessive amounts of an inhibitory hormone - to decide if its primary or secondary, measure the trophic hormone concentration in the blood
57
primary and secondary hyper secretion
- primary: gland is secreting too much on its own - secondary: excessive stimulation of gland by its trophic hormone
58
hyper secretion caused by
- hormone secreting endocrine tumor
59
hyporesponsiveness
- deficiency or loss of function for a hormone ex: absence of receptors, signaling event within the cell may not bind to its receptor may be defective, defect in enzyme that metabolize the hormone to be effective
60
hyper responsiveness
increased sensitivity to a stimulus ex: epinephrine hyper responsive, increased heart rate

Systems Physiology (6 decks)

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