Endocrine system (powerpoint) - DONE

Question 1

Function of testes:

Answer 1

• Spermatogenesis

- Steroidogenesis

Question 2

Sertoli cells

Answer 2

• Membrane receptors for FSH
• Spermatids are attached to Sertoli cells -> spermation and phagocytosis
• Transferrin synthesis
• Nuclear receptors for testosterone-> crucial for spermatogenesis

Question 3

Sertoli cells - membrane-receptors for FSH:

Answer 3

• Androgen-binding protein (ABP) synthesis
• Plasminogen activator synthesis
• Inhibin secretion
• Stimulation of aromatase activity

Question 4

Leydig cells

Answer 4

• Membrane receptors for LH (shared with hCG)
  
  • steroid synthesis: testosterone, DHEA, androstenedione
• Estradiol surpasses the response to LH

Question 5

Steroidogenesis:

Answer 5

LH-receptors:

• Upregulation (PRL)
• Downregulaton (desensitization) -> PRL

Question 6

Testosterone:

Answer 6

• Albumin 30-40%

- SHBG

Question 7

Androgens: 1) Fetal life

Answer 7

Fetal life: organogenesis of Wolffian ducts, differentiation of regental sinus and genital tubercle, descent of testes

Question 8

Androgens: 2) Puberty

Answer 8

Puberty: growth of the penis, scrotum and epididymis, increased pigmentation, spermatogenesis

Question 9

Androgens: 3) Masculine phenotype

Answer 9

Masculine phenotype: sexual hair development, activity of sebaceous glands, growth of the larynx, vertebral growth and epiphyseal closure, muscle hypertrophy

Question 10

Function of ovaries:

Answer 10

• Maturation of germ cells

- Steroidogenesis

Question 11

Ovulation criteria: Direct

Answer 11

• Laparoscopy
• Pregnancy after single intercourse or insemination
• Microscopic examination -> looking for the ovum
• Ultrasound

Question 12

Ovulation criteria: Indirect

Answer 12

• Preovulatory peak of LH
• Increase in E2 level before peak of LH
• Changes in cervical mucus
• Biphasic body temperature chart
• Progesterone levels in luteal phase
• Secretory changes in endometrium in luteal phase

Question 13

Estrogens

Answer 13

• 60% bound with albumin
• 40% SHBG
• Female reproductive organ development
• Female body fat contour distribution
• Breast develop. during puberty
• Skeletal growth during puberty
• Proliferation of endometrium
• Cervical mucus alteration
• Female skin maintenance
• Decreased in bone resorption
• Retention of sodium and water

Question 14

Androgens

Answer 14

• 50% bound with albumin
• 50% SHBG
• Axillary and pubic hair development
• Androstenedione, DHEA, testosterone

Question 15

Progesteron

Answer 15

• 50% bound with albumin
• 50% transcortin
• Breast development
• Skeletal growth during puberty
• Secretory changes in endometrium
• Elevation of the core body temperature

Question 16

Puberty:

Answer 16

• gonadarche
• menarche
• thelarche
• pubarche
• adrenarche

Question 17

Se the table on the last slide about menopause

Answer 17

memorize the numbers etc