Endocrine system pt 2

Question 1

Concentrations of circulating hormone reflect:

Answer 1

• Rate of release
• Speed of inactivation and removal from the body

Question 2

Hormones are removed from the blood by:

Answer 2

• Degrading enzymes => in blood/plasma
• The kidneys => to the urine
• Liver enzyme systems

Question 3

What controlled by negative feedback systems and Vary only within a narrow desirable range

Answer 3

The Blood levels of hormones

Question 4

Hormones are synthesized and released in response
to

(HNH)

Answer 4

• Humoral stimuli – blood level of ions like Ca++,sodium,
  glucose, insulin
• Neural stimuli – directly by nerve fibers
  –epinephrine/norepinephrine (remember flight or fight?)
• Hormonal stimuli – by other hormones (hypothalamus
  hormones regulate anterior pituitary) FSH and LH levels

Question 5

________? Provides highest level of endocrine function by integrating nervous and endocrine systems

Answer 5

hypothalamus

Question 6

Synthesized by the supraoptic nuclei

Answer 6

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 7

Synthesized by the paraventricular nuclei

Answer 7

Oxytocin (OXT)

Question 8

Secretes _______ that control anterior pituitary gland endocrine cells

Answer 8

regulatory hormones

Question 9

_______: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH)
* Regulate the function of the ovaries and testes

Answer 9

Gonadotropins

Question 10

_____– promote estrogen/progesterone production
impacting uterus, testosterone production impacting male characteristics

Answer 10

LH ACCESSORY function

Question 11

• Absent from the blood in prepubertal boys and girls
• Triggered by the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  during and after puberty

Answer 11

Gonadotropins

Question 12

LH works with FSH to cause
maturation of the ovarian
follicle

Answer 12

Gonadotropins
* In females

Question 13

LH works alone to trigger.
ovulation (expulsion of the
egg from the follicle)

Answer 13

Gonadotropins
* In females

Question 14

LH promotes synthesis and
release of estrogens and
progesterone

Answer 14

Gonadotropins
* In females

Question 15

LH stimulates interstitial
cells of the testes to produce
testosterone

Answer 15

Functions of Gonadotropins
* In males

Question 16

LH is also referred to as
interstitial cell-stimulating
hormone (ICSH)

Answer 16

Functions of Gonadotropins
* In males

Question 17

Receives, stores, and releases hormones from the hypothalamus

Answer 17

Neurohypophysis – posterior lobe (neural tissue) and
the infundibulum

Question 18

_____: two-lobed organ that secretes nine
major hormones

Answer 18

Pituitary gland

Question 19

Synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones

Answer 19

Adenohypophysis – anterior lobe, made up of glandular tissue

Question 20

Triggered by hypothalamic peptide
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Answer 20

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Question 20

Stimulates the normal development and
secretory activity of the _____

Answer 20

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Question 21

Rising blood levels of thyroid hormones
act on the pituitary and hypothalamus to
block the release of TSH

Answer 21

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Question 22

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids (cortisol,
aldosterone)

Answer 22

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(Corticotropin)

Question 23

Triggered by hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in
a daily rhythm

Answer 23

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(Corticotropin)

Question 24

“Corti” sugar releasing hormones and aldosterone (salt hormone)

Answer 24

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Corticotropin)

Question 25

GH is usually caused by anterior pituitary tumor * In children results in gigantism * Can reach heights of 8 feet * In adults results in acromegaly * Overgrowth of hands, feet, and face

Answer 25

Hypersecretion

Question 26

GH * In children results in pituitary dwarfism * May reach height of only 4 feet * In adults usually causes no problems

Answer 26

Hyposecretion

Question 27

* In females, stimulates milk production by the breasts * Triggered by the hypothalamic prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

Answer 27

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 28

* Inhibited by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) * Blood levels rise toward the end of pregnancy * Suckling stimulates PRH release and encourages continued milk production

Answer 28

Prolactin (PRL)

Question 29

* Posterior pituitary – made of axons of hypothalamic neurons, stores antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin * ADH and oxytocin are synthesized in the hypothalamus * ADH influences water balance

Answer 29

The Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Question 30

____ is a strong stimulant of uterine contraction – also have synthetic version to induce labor

Answer 30

Oxytocin

Question 31

Regulated by a positive feedback mechanism to ____ in the blood - increased intensity of uterine contractions, ending in birth

Answer 31

Oxytocin

Question 32

helps to avoid dehydration or water overload * Prevents urine formation => helps retain body water because Greek diourein "to urinate,“ * Osmoreceptors monitor the solute concentration of the blood

Answer 32

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 33

Not enough ADH due to damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

Answer 33

Diabetes insipidus

Question 34

What are the two forms of Thyroid Hormone TH

Answer 34

* T4 (thyroxine): major form that consists of two tyrosine molecules with four bound iodine atoms * T3 (triiodothyronine): form that has two tyrosines with three bound iodine atoms

Question 35

produced by the parafollicular, or C, cells of the thyroid gland

Answer 35

A peptide hormone

Question 36

made in thyroid

Answer 36

Calcitonin

Question 37

is an autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid gland and causes hypothyroidism. Goiter is also present in this disease

Answer 37

Hashimoto’s

Question 38

TH in adults can lead to myxedema Symptoms include low metabolic rate, thick and/or dry skin, puffy eyes, feeling chilled, constipation, edema, mental sluggishness, lethargy

Answer 38

Hyposecretion

Question 39

most common type is Graves’ disease

Answer 39

Hypersecretion of TH

Question 40

_____ body makes abnormal antibodies directed against thyroid follicular cells

Answer 40

Autoimmune disease

Question 41

* Tiny glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid * Cells are arranged in cords containing oxyphil and chief cells

Answer 41

Parathyroid Glands