ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Session 9

Question 1

What does the adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate ?

Answer 1

• Adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Question 2

What are examples of gonadotropic hormones and what do they stimulate ?

Answer 2

• Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate the gonads to produce gametes and sex hormones

Question 3

What does the thyroid stimulating hormone do ?

Answer 3

• Stimulates the thyroid to make thyroid hormones.

Question 4

What does prolactin do ?

Answer 4

• Causes mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth

Question 5

What does growth hormone do ?

Answer 5

• Somatoropic hormone , promotes skeletal and muscular growth

Question 6

What is Pituitary dwarfism , gigantism and acromegaly ?

Answer 6

• Pituitary dwarfism : too little GH in children
• Gigantism : too much GH in children
• Acromegaly : too much GH in adults

Question 7

What does the thyroid gland regulate ?

Answer 7

• regulates the metabolic rate of the body , plays a role in calcium homeostasis

Question 8

What is the thyroid gland composed of ?

Answer 8

• Composed of follicles with triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine which contains 4

Question 9

how does calcitonin get controlled ?

Answer 9

• It is secrete by the parafollicular of thyroid gland

Question 10

When are parathyroid hormones released and what does it promote ?

Answer 10

• It is released when there is low blood calcium levels
• Promotes the activity of osteoclasts , which remove calcium from bones (increasing blood calcium levels)
• Activates vitamin D which then promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and stimulate absorption of calcium ions from food

Question 11

What does the adrenal gland consist of ?

Answer 11

• An inner portion called the adrenal medulla
• An outer portion called the adrenal cortex

Question 12

How does the hypothalamus signal the adrenal medulla to release its hormones ?

Answer 12

• It sends nervous signals that travel through preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres to the adrenal medulla to stimulate it to secrete its hormones

Question 13

What are examples of hormones that the adrenal medulla releases ?

Answer 13

• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine

Question 14

What are the three regions that the adrenal cortex is divided into ?

Answer 14

• Zona glomerulosa
• Zona fasciculata
• Zona reticularis

Question 15

What are examples of major types of hormones that are produced ebb the adrenal cortex ?

Answer 15

• Glucocorticoids
• Mineralocorticoids

Question 16

Where are Glucocorticoids produced in the adrenal cortex and what do they regulate and how is the secretion controlled ?

Answer 16

• produced in both the zone fasciculate and zone reticularis
• secretion is controlled by ACTH
• Regulates carbohydrates , protein and fat metabolism

Question 17

In what two ways do glucocorticoids raise the blood glucose level ?

Answer 17

• Promotes the breakdown of muscle proteins in amino acids which are taken up by the liver
• Promotes the metabolism of fatty acids rather than carbohydrates ; this spares glucose

Question 18

Where are mineralocorticoids produced in the adrenal cortex and what do they regulate ?

Answer 18

• Produced by the zone glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
• regulates ion balance in the body

Question 19

Where are sex steroids produced in the adrenal cortex ?

Answer 19

• in the Zone fasciculata and the zone reticularis

Question 20

What is another name of sex steroids ?

Answer 20

-Gonadocorticoids

Question 21

What does the exocrine and endocrine sections of the Pancreas secrete ?

Answer 21

• Exocrine tissue secretes digestive enzymes
• Endocrine tissue is located within pancreatic islets :
  A cells = secrete glucagon
  B cells = secrete insulin
  D cells = secrete somatostatin

Question 22

When are Glucagon A cells secreted and what does it stimulate ?-

Answer 22

• Secreted when blood glucose levels are low
• Stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose

Question 23

When are Insulin B cells secreted and what does it stimulate ?

Answer 23

• Secreted when blood glucose levels are high
• Stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells , especially liver cells muscle cells and adipose cells

Question 24

What is diabetes mellitus and how does it effect the body ?

Answer 24

• its when there is an excess of glucose in the blood
• but when blood glucose levels rise , glucose with water is excreted in the urine

Question 25

What are the two types of diabetes and explain each of them ?

Answer 25

• Type 1 : sometimes called juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent diabetes
• Type 2 : also known as adult onset diabetes or non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ( insulin resistant )

Question 26

How does type 1 diabetes occur and what does it cause ?

Answer 26

• its when pancreas does not produce enough insulin
• Caused by exposure to an environmental agent , most likely a virus

Question 27

What must you do daily if you have type 1 diabetes?

Answer 27

• Inject insulin daily

Question 28

What are the blood sugar level that an individual with type 1diabetes could swing in and what are the treatments for each of them?

Answer 28

• hypoglycaemia ( low blood glucose ) : ingesting sugar
• Hyperglycemia ( high blood glucose ) : treatment is insulin