Endocrine System (smith)

Question 1

A ductless gland whose secretion is released directly into the bloodstream.

Answer 1

Endocrine gland

Question 2

What are the glands that make up the endocrine system?

Answer 2

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal

Question 3

A gland whose secretion is drained by ducts onto the body surface or into a body cavity.

Answer 3

Exocrine gland (ducted glands)
Sebaceous glands- oil glands
sudoriferous glands- sweat glands
mammary glands- milk glands

Question 4

Substances produced in one part of the body and transported to another part of the body where they affect chemical actions or the secretion of other hormones.

Answer 4

Hormones

Question 5

_____________ is controlled by the nervous system through nerve impulses.

Answer 5

Homeostasis

Question 6

The body’s method of maintaining its internal environment within certain physiological limits.

Answer 6

Homeostasis

Question 7

__________ circulate freely or travel bound to special carrier proteins.

Answer 7

Hormones

Question 8

Hormones affect only specific cells called ____________.

Answer 8

Target cells

Question 9

Hormones that enter the bloodstream to reach distant target cells are called what?

Answer 9

circulating hormones

Question 10

If an individual is having liver issues (not functioning properly), kidney issues (not functioning) what can happen?

Answer 10

Excess hormone build-up in patients with kidney or liver failure

Question 11

Hormones that do not enter the bloodstream to reach target cells are called what?

Answer 11

local hormones

Question 12

Local hormone acting on neighboring cells. E.g. histamine

Answer 12

Paracrine

para= beside

Question 13

Local hormone acting on the same cell that secreted it. interlukin-2

Answer 13

Autocrine (auto=self)

Question 14

You have a hormone and order for it to carry out its function, another hormone needs to be there before it was ahead of time or be there at the same time. This is called what?

Answer 14

Permissive effect

Question 15

What is an example of a permissive effect?

Answer 15

Epinephrine with the addition of thyroid hormones

Question 16

The sum of 2 or more hormones acting together is better than each hormone acting alone.

Answer 16

Synergistic effect

Question 17

If one hormone causes something to increase another will decrease. hormones are opposed by one another.

Answer 17

Antagonistic effect

Question 18

The synthesis and release of most hormones are through a ________________.

Answer 18

Negative feedback system

Question 19

A negative feedback system is a corrective mechanism that opposes a variation from normal limits thus _____________ change.

Answer 19

Minimizing

Question 20

Changing levels of ions and nutrients in the bloodstream

Answer 20

Humoral stimuli

Question 21

The release of other hormones

Answer 21

Hormonal stimuli

Question 22

Signals from the nervous system

Answer 22

Neural stimuli

Question 23

The master endocrine gland. It secretes 7 hormones.

Answer 23

Pituitary gland (Hypophysis)

Question 24

The major link that brings together the nervous system and endocrine system. It synthesizes regulatory hormones

Answer 24

Hypothalamus

Question 25

Together the _________ and __________ regulate practically all aspects of growth, development, metabolism, and homeostasis.

Answer 25

pituitary gland and hypothalamus

Question 26

Hypothalamus is _________ (a direction) to the two lobes of the thalamus.

Answer 26

inferior

Question 27

Short stalk called the ____________ attaches the pituitary to the superiorly located hypothalamus.

Answer 27

Infundibulum

Question 28

Pituitary gland consists of 2 lobes, what are they?

Answer 28

Anterior lobe | Posterior lobe

Question 29

Anterior lobe is stimulated by ____________ and suppressed by _____________ from the thalamus.

Answer 29

``` releasing hormones (RH) inhibiting hormones (IH) ```

Question 30

Produce human Growth Hormone (hGH) which stimulates general body growth and regulates aspects of metabolism.

Answer 30

Somatotrophs (somato=body)

Question 31

Secrete thyroid stimulating hormone controls secretions and other activities of the thyroid gland.

Answer 31

Thyrotrophs

Question 32

Produce Follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinizing Hormone. Secrete estrogen and prodestrone and maturation of oocytes in the ovaries

Answer 32

Gonadotrophs

Question 33

Produce Prolactin (PRL) which initiate milk production.

Answer 33

Lactotrophs

Question 34

Secrete Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids. Also secrete MSH which affects skin pigmentation.

Answer 34

Corticotrophs (think bark of tree= skin)

Question 35

What does not synthesize hormones itself, it stores and releases 2 hormones (Oxytocin and ADH from hypothalamus)

Answer 35

Posterior lobe

Question 36

A butterfly gland with right and left lobe joined by isthmus which is anterior to trachea.

Answer 36

Thyroid Gland

Question 37

Thyroid gland consists of thyroid follicles. The wall of each follicle consists of 2 types of cells. What are the 2 types of cells?

Answer 37

``` Follicular cells (T3 and T4) these are 'THE' thyroid hormones. Parafollicular cells/ C cells produce calcitonin ```

Question 38

Where is the secretory products of the thyroid gland stored?

Answer 38

Colloid

Question 39

Hormones T3 and T4 from thyroid, primary importance is what?

Answer 39

increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) maintain a normal body temperature Think homeostasis

Question 40

Two pairs of small oval shaped glands, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid glands.

Answer 40

Parathyroid glands

Question 41

What cells are in Parathyroid glands?

Answer 41

Chief cells produce PTH (raise Calcium levels in the blood) | Oxyphil cells

Question 42

Pair of these at the superior pole of the kidneys, in the right and left upper quadrants, has outer capsule, inner cortex and innermost medulla.

Answer 42

Adrenal gland

Question 43

These cells control water and electrolyte balance in the adrenal cortex.

Answer 43

Zona glomerulosa (little balls)

Question 44

These cells increase fat and protein breakdown, syhthesize glucose, provide resistance to stress, act as anti-inflammatory hormones, immune response in the adrenal cortex.

Answer 44

Zona fasciculata

Question 45

These cells produce male sex hormone in small amounts in the adrenal cortex.

Answer 45

Zona reticularis (network or branching)

Question 46

Umbrella term that encompasses Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

Answer 46

Catacholamines

Question 47

The adrenal medulla consists of ________ cells that secrete hormones responsible for ___________ response.

Answer 47

chromaffin | fight or flight

Question 48

This contains secretory cells called pinealocytes which form the hormone melatonin (circadian rythyms).

Answer 48

Pineal gland

Question 49

This gland has both an endocrine and exocrine portion (exocrine= 99% of pancreatic cells). What are the cells in exocrine called?

Answer 49

Pancreas | Acini

Question 50

What cells are the 1% of the pancreas in the endocrine tissue?

Answer 50

Islets of langerhans

Question 51

What are the 4 cell types of islets of langerhans?

Answer 51

A-cells- produce glucagon (raises blood glucose level) B-cells- produce insulin (lowers blood glucose level) D-cells F-cells

Question 52

The level of blood glucose control glucagon and insulin via _________________.

Answer 52

Negative feedback systems