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Physiology 1B > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What does hemocrine mean?

A

Secretion from cells into extracellular fluid, which then diffuses into blood vessels

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2
Q

What does autocrine mean?

A

Hormone released from the cell acts on the same cell

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3
Q

What does paracrine mean?

A

Hormone released has an effect on nearby cells

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4
Q

What does solinocrine mean?

A

Hormone released into a duct (e.g. GI system)

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5
Q

Where are peptide hormones stored?

A

In vesicles within endocrine cells

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6
Q

Which amino acid are the small amino acid hormones based on?

A

Tyrosine

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7
Q

How do peptide hormones act on target cells?

A

Act on cells with appropriate cell surface receptors; activation of receptor leads to downstream signalling

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8
Q

How do steroid hormones act on target cells?

A

Act at a cytoplasmic or nuclear receptor

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9
Q

How do amino acid hormones act on target cells?

A

Act at nuclear receptors only

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10
Q

Which structure acts as the link between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary?

A

Hypophyseal portal circulation

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11
Q

What is the function of the neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus?

A

Focus point for information on internal well-being - detects circulating hormones/metabolites/electrolytes and stress/cold/trauma/hunger/pain etc.

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12
Q

What is the effect of oxytocin released from the PP?

A

Contraction of uterus in labour, milk let-down in lactation (NEURAL feedback, not hormonal)

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13
Q

What is the effect of vasopressin/ADH released from the PP?

A

Aiding water reabsorption in the kidney

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14
Q

What does the thyroid gland look like histologically?

A

Composed of follicles filled with colloid, lined with cuboidal follicular epithelium, highly vascularised

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15
Q

What is thyroid hormone derived from?

A

Thyroglobulin, a polymer of tyrosine (amino acid)

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16
Q

What are the matured thyroid hormones called?

A

Thyroxine (T3) and tri-iodothyrine (T4)

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17
Q

Which thyroid hormone causes most of the physiological effects?

A

T3 - T4 is typically just a pool for T3 (half-life of 6 days compared to 1 day for T3)

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18
Q

What stimulates TRH release from the hypothalamus?

A

Sympathetic stimulation, or cold

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19
Q

What inhibits TRH release from the hypothalamus?

A

Cortisol and growth hormone

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20
Q

How does T3 act on thyroid cells?

A

Enters cell and nucleus, binds to thyroid hormone receptor (TRH) on the thyroid response element, binding of THR to promoter elements activates gene transcription

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21
Q

What does hypertrophy mean?

A

Increase in cell size

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22
Q

What does hyperplasia mean?

A

Increase in cell number

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23
Q

What type of hormone is growth hormone?

A

A peptide hormone

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24
Q

In what form does growth hormone circulate in the body?

A

Weakly bound to GH-binding protein

25
Q

Where is growth hormone secreted from?

A

Somatotrophs in the anterior pituitary (stimulated by GHRH)

26
Q

What inhibits release of growth hormone releasing hormone?

A

Somatostatin

27
Q

In which pattern is growth hormone released?

A

Diurnally (during sleep) and pulsatile

28
Q

What molecule mediates the local effects of growth hormone?

A

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

29
Q

What conditions does excess growth hormone cause?

A

Giantism or acromegaly

30
Q

What condition does deficiency of growth hormone cause?

A

Dwarfism

31
Q

Why is it a risk to inject growth hormone into adults?

A

Encouraging cells to grow when they are naturally stopping may induce cancer

32
Q

What hormones are produced in the adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells)?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

33
Q

What hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex?

A

Corticosteroids

34
Q

Which zones make up the adrenal cortex?

A

Glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoids), reticularis (androgens and oestrogens)

35
Q

What is the precursor molecule to adrenal steroids?

A

Cholesterol

36
Q

How do steroids action in cells?

A

Act on cytoplasmic receptor in target tissues, translocates to the nucleus upon steroid binding, modulates transcription of genes to produce new proteins (and therefore biological effects)

37
Q

In what form does cortisol/corticosterone circulate in the body

A

Bound to transcortins (plasma proteins)

38
Q

What is the function of aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)?

A

Regulating extracellular sodium/potassium concentration

39
Q

What occurs in the body when there is too little glucose?

A

CNS dysfunction

40
Q

What occurs in the body when there is too much glucose?

A

Dehydration and microvascular damage (e.g. blindness)

41
Q

What is the ideal glucose value?

A

5.5mmol/L

42
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Glucose –> pyruvate

43
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Pyruvate –> glucose

44
Q

What is the role of glucagon?

A

Mobilises fuel in the catabolic phase of glucose metabolism

45
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

Stores fuel in the anabolic phase of glucose metabolism

46
Q

What is the receptor for insulin?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase

47
Q

What is the overall effect of insulin?

A

Concentration of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids in the blood goes down

48
Q

What is the principle target tissue of glucagon?

A

Liver

49
Q

What is the overall effect of glucagon?

A

Increased glucose output via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, and increased lipolysis

50
Q

What other molecule can be used as fuel when glucose is low?

A

Ketone bodies

51
Q

What are the 3 other regulators of blood glucose?

A

Growth hormone, glucocorticoids, adrenaline

52
Q

What 3 hormones are involved in daily calcium balance?

A

Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, 1,25-DHCC (active vit D)

53
Q

Under what condition is parathyroid hormone released?

A

In response to falling levels of circulating calcium

54
Q

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on bone?

A

Calcium release from calcium salts in bone ECF

55
Q

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on the kidneys?

A

Increase tubular reabsorption of calcium

56
Q

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone on the gut?

A

Increased formation of active vitamin D causes enhanced absorption of calcium from intestine

57
Q

How is active vitamin D involved in long-term calcium homeostasis?

A

Acts to increase absorption of calcium from the intestine in order to protect bone

58
Q

When is calcitonin secreted?

A

In response to an elevation in blood calcium

59
Q

What is the overall effect of calcitonin?

A

Reduce blood calcium levels

Physiology 1B (6 decks)

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