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AM PP Clues > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Non-programmed cell death = noisy, inflammation, nucleus destroyed first

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2
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death = quiet, no inflammation, nucleus guides it => destroyed last

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3
Q

What is Pyknosis?

A

Nucleus turns into blobs “pick blobs”

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4
Q

What is Karyohexis?

A

Nucleus fragments

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5
Q

What is Karyolysis?

A

Nucleus dissolves

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6
Q

What is somatotrope?

A

GH

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7
Q

What is a Gonadotrope?

A

LH, FSH

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8
Q

What is a Thyrotrope?

A

TSH

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9
Q

What is a Corticotrope?

A

ACTH

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10
Q

What is a Lactotrope?

A

PRL

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11
Q

What receptors do protein hormones use?

A

Cell membrane receptors

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12
Q

What receptors do steroid hormone use?

A

Nuclear membrane receptors

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13
Q

What are the steroid hormones?

A

“PET CAD”

*Thyroid hormone acts like a steroid

Progesterone
E2
Testosterone
Cortisol
Aldo
vit D
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14
Q

What does Endocrine mean?

A

Secretion into blood

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15
Q

What does Exocrine mean?

A

Secretion into non-blood

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16
Q

What is Autocrine?

A

Works on itself

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17
Q

What is Paracrine?

A

Works on its neighbor

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18
Q

What is Merocrine?

A

Cell is maintained => exocytosis

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19
Q

What is Apocrine?

A

Apex of the cell is secreted

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20
Q

What is Holocrine?

A

The whole cell is secreted

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21
Q

What organs do not require insulin?

A

“BRICKLE”

Brain
RBC
Intestine
Cardiac, Cornea
Kidney
Liver
Exercising muscle
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22
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Stimulates LH, FSH

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23
Q

What does GRH do?

A

Stimulates GH

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24
Q

What does CRH do?

A

Stimulates ACTH

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25
Q

What does TRH do?

A

Stimulates TSH

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26
Q

What does PRH do?

A

Stimulates PRL

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27
Q

What does DA do?

A

Inhibits PRL

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28
Q

What does Somatostatin (SS) do?

A

Inhibits GH

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29
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Conserves water, vasoconstricts

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30
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Milk letdown, baby letdown

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31
Q

What does GH do?

A

IGF-1 release from liver

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32
Q

What does TSH do?

A

T3, T4 release from thyroid

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33
Q

What does LH do?

A

Testosterone release from testis, E2 and Progesterone release from ovary

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34
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Sperm or egg growth

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35
Q

What does PRL do?

A

Milk production

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36
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Cortisol release from adrenal gland

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37
Q

What does MSH do?

A

Skin pigmentation

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38
Q

What are the stress hormones?

A 
Epi: immediate
Glucagon: 20 min
Insulin: 30 min
ADH: 30 min
Cortisol: 2-4 hr
GH: 24hr
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39
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Concentrates urine

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40
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Too little ADH => urinate a lot

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41
Q

What is Central DI?

A

Brain not making ADH

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42
Q

What is Nephrogenic DI?

A

Blocks ADH receptor, can be caused by Li and Domecocycline

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43
Q

What does the Water Deprivation test tell you?

A

Water Deprivation => DI

*fails to concentrate urine

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44
Q

What does giving DDAVP tell you?

A

DDAVP => Central DI

concentrate >25%

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45
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Too much ADH => expand plasma volume => pee Na

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46
Q

What is the diference between DI and SIADH?

A

DI has dilute urine,

SIADH has concentrated urine

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47
Q

What is Psychogenic Polydipsia?

A

Pathologic water drinking => low plasma osmolarity

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48
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

Reabsorbs Na, secretes H+ /K+

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49
Q

What is a Neuroblastoma?

A

Adrenal medulla tumor in kids, dancing eyes/feet, secretes catecholamines

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50
Q

What is a Pheochromocytoma?

A

Adrenal medulla tumor in adult’s, 5P’s

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51
Q

What does zona glomerulosa make?

A

Aldosterone “salt”

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52
Q

What does Zona Fasiculata make?

A

Cortisol “sugar”

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53
Q

What does Zona Reticularis make?

A

Androgens “sex”

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54
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome?

A

High Aldo (tumor), Captopril test makes it worse

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55
Q

What does ANP do?

A

Inhibits Aldo, dilates renal artery (afferent arteriole)

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56
Q

What does Calcitonin do?

A

Inhibits osteoclasts => low serum Ca+2

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57
Q

What is MEN I?

A

“Wermer’s”: Pancreas, Pituitary, Parathyroid adenoma (high gastrn) “PPP”

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58
Q

What is MEN II?

A

“Sipple’s”: Pheo, Medullary thyroid cancer, PTH

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59
Q

What is MEN III?

A

“MEN IIb”: Pheo, Medullary thyroid cancer, Oral/GI neuromas

60
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Gallbladder contraction, bile release

61
Q

What does Cortisol do?

A

Gluconeogenesis by proteolysis=>thin skin

62
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex => hyperpigmentation, ^ACTH

63
Q

What is Waterhouse Friderichsen?

A

Adrenal Hemorrhage

64
Q

What is Cushings syndrome?

A

High cortisol (pituitary tumor or adrenal tumor or small cell lung CA)

65
Q

What is Cushing’s disease?

A

High ACTH (pituitary tumor)

66
Q

What is Nelson’s syndrome?

A

Hyperpigmentation after adrenalectomy

67
Q

If the low dose dexamenthasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?

A

Normal, obese, or depressed

68
Q

If the low dose dexamenthasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?

A

Cushing’s => do high dose test

69
Q

if the high dose dexamenthasone test suppresses, what does that tell you?

A

Pituitary tumor=> ACTH (call brain surgeon)

70
Q

if the high-dose dexamenthasone test does not suppress, what does that tell you?

A

Adrenal adenoma=> Cortisol (call general surgeon)

Small cell lung cancer=> ACTH (call thoracic surgeon)

71
Q

What are the survival hormone?

A

Cortisol: permissive under stress
TSH: permissive under normal

72
Q

What does Epinephrine do?

A

Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis

73
Q

What does Erythropoietin do?

A

Makes RBCs

74
Q

What does Gastrin do?

A

Stimulates parietal cells => IF, H+

75
Q

What does Growth Hormone do?

A

Growth, sends somatomedin to growth plates, gluconeogenesis by proteolysis.

76
Q

What is a Pygmie?

A

No somatomedin receptors

77
Q

What is Achondroplasia=Laron Dwarf?

A

Abnormal FGF receptors in extremities

78
Q

What is a Midget?

A

lower somatomedin receptor sensitivity

79
Q

What is a Acromegaly?

A

Adult bones stretch “my hat doesn’t fit”, coarse facial features, large furrowed tongue, deep husky voice, jaw protrussion, ^IGF-1b/c of GH tumor

80
Q

What is Gigantism?

A

childhood acromegaly

81
Q

What does GIP do?

A

Enhances insulin action=> post-prandial hypoglycemia

82
Q

What does Glucagon do?

A

Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, ketogenesis

83
Q

What does Insulin do?

A

Pushes glucose into cells

84
Q

What is Type I DM?

A

Anti-islet cell Ab, GAD Ab, Coxsackie B, low insulin, DKA, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

85
Q

What is Type II DM?

A

Insulin receptor insensitivity, high insulin, HONK coma, acanthosis nigricans

86
Q

How does DKA present?

A

Kussmaul respirations

87
Q

What is the Dawn phenomenon?

A

Morning hyperglycemia 2 to GH

88
Q

What is the Somogyi Effect?

A

Morning hyperglycemia 2o to evening hypoglycemia

89
Q

What is Factitious Hypoglycemia?

A

Insulin injection (^ insulin, lowers C-peptide)

90
Q

What is an Insulinoma?

A

Tumor (^insulin, ^Cpeptide)

91
Q

What is Erythrasma?

A

Rash in skin folds, coral red wood’s lamp

92
Q

What is syndrome x= metabolic syndrome?

A

“Pre DM” => HTN, dyslipedemia, hyperinsulinemia, acanthosis nigricans

93
Q

What are foot ulcer risk factors?

A

DM/Glycemic control
Male smoker
Bony abnormalities
Previous ulcers

94
Q

What conditions cause weight gain?

A 
Obesity
Hypothyroidism
Depression
Cushings
Anasarca
95
Q

What does Motilin do?

A

Stimulates segmentation (1o peristalsis, MMC)

96
Q

What does Oxytocin do?

A

Milk ejection, baby ejection

97
Q

What does PRL do?

A

Milk production

98
Q

What does PTH do?

A

Chews up bone

99
Q

What does Vit D do?

A

Builds bone

100
Q

What do parathyroid chief cells secrete?

A

PTH

101
Q

What do stomach chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsin

102
Q

What is the difference between Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?

A

NE: Neurotransmitter
Epi: Hormone

103
Q

What is 1o hyperparathyroidism?

A

Parathyroid adenoma

104
Q

What is 2o hyperparathyroidism?

A

Renal failure

105
Q

What is Familial Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia?

A

lowers Ca excretion

106
Q

What if both serum Ca and PO4 decrease?

A

Vit D deficiency

107
Q

What if serum Ca and PO4 change in opposite directions?

A

PTH problem
High Ca => hyper PTH
Low Ca=> hypoPTH

108
Q

What is the most common cause of 1o hypoparathyroidism?

A

Thyroidectomy

109
Q

What is Pseudohypoparathyroidism?

A

Bad kidney PTH receptor, decreases urinary cAMP

110
Q

What is Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism?

A

G protein defect no Ca+2 problem

111
Q

What is Hungry Bone syndrome?

A

Remove PTH -> bone sucks in Ca+2

112
Q

What does Secretin do?

A

Secretion of bicarb, inibit gastrin, tighten pyloric sphincter

113
Q

What does Somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK

114
Q

What do T3 and T4 do?

A

Growth, differentiation

115
Q

What disease has Exophthalmos?

A

Grave’s

116
Q

What disease has Enophthalmos?

A

Horner’s

117
Q

What are the Hyperthyroid disease?

A 
Grave's
DeQuervain's
Silent thyroiditis
Plummer's
Jod-Basedow
118
Q

Grave’s

A

Exophthalmos, peritibial myxedema, TSHr Ab

119
Q

DeQuervain’s

A

Viral, painful jaw

120
Q

Silen thyroiditis

A

Post-partum

121
Q

Plummer’s

A

Benign adenoma, old person

122
Q

Jod-Basedow

A

Transient hyperthyroidism due to ^ I

123
Q

What are the Hypothyroid disease?

A 
Hashimotos
Reidel Struma
Cretin
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Wolff-Chaikoff
124
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

Antimicrosomal Ab=TPO Ab

125
Q

Reidel’s struma

A

Woody neck

126
Q

Cretin

A

Freaky features, hypothyroid Mom and Baby

127
Q

Euthyroid sick syndrome

A

Low T3, syndrome

128
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff

A

Transient hypothyroidism

129
Q

What is Plummer’s syndrome?

A

Hyperthyroid adenoma

130
Q

What is Plummer-Vinson syndrome?

A

Esophageal webs

131
Q

What does Testosterone do?

A

Makes external male genitalia

132
Q

What does Mullerian Inhibiting Factor do?

A

Makes internal male genitalia

133
Q

What do TPO and Thymosin do?

A

Help T cells mature

134
Q

What does VIP do?

A

Inhibits secretin, motilin, CCK

135
Q

How doesa VIPoma present?

A

Watery diarrhea

136
Q

How does a SSoma present?

A

Constipation

137
Q

What are the hormones with disulfide bonds?

A

“PIGI”

PRL
Insulin
GH
Inhibin

138
Q

Which hormones have the same alpha subunits?

A

LH, FSH
TSH
B-HCG

139
Q

What hormones produce acidophils?

A

“GAP”

GH
PRL

140
Q

What hormonones produce basophils?

A

“B FLAT”

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH

141
Q

Signaling Pathway of cAMP

A

FLAT ChAMP

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2 receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

142
Q

Signaling Pathway of cGMP

A
  • Think Vasodilators*

ANP, BNP, NO (EDRF)

143
Q

Signaling Pathway of IP3

A

GOAT HAG

GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH, (v1 receptor), TRH, Histamine (H1 receptor), Angiotensin II, Gastrin, Vasopressin?*

144
Q

Signaling Pathway of Intracellular receptor (steroid receptor)

A

VETTT CAP

Vit D, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone

145
Q

Signaling Pathway Intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

MAP kinase pathway (think growth factors)

Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF

146
Q

Signaling pathways of Receptor associated tyrosine kinase

A

JAK/STAT pathway (Think acidophils and cytokines)

PIGGLET

Prolactin, Immunomodulators (e.g. cytokines Il2, IL 6, IFN), GH, G-CSF, Erytropoietin, Thromobopoietin

AM PP Clues (8 decks)

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