Endocrinology

Question 1

What are the two types of hormones?

Answer 1

Proteins/Lipids and Steroids. Proteins are hydrophilic and steroids are hydrophobic.

Question 2

What does water chase after in the body?

Answer 2

Salt, fat, and sugar.

Question 3

What’s an agonist?

Answer 3

It mimics biological response.

Question 4

What’s an antagonist?

Answer 4

It INHIBITS biological response.

Question 5

What are the only 2 hormones produced by the POSTERIOR pituitary?

Answer 5

ADH and Oxytocin.

Question 6

What are the target tissues of oxytocin?

Answer 6

Uterus and mammary glands (ducts)?

Question 7

What are the HYPOTHALAMIC hormones? (Not Pituitary).

Answer 7

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, PIH, and GIH.

Question 8

What are the hormones produced by the ANTERIOR PITUITARY?

Answer 8

TSH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH.

Question 9

What’s edema?

Answer 9

Swelling/Bloating. Too much water retention.

Question 10

What is the most important difference b/w Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus.

Answer 10

DI is glucose negative (has to do more with low ADH). DM is glucose positive.

Question 11

What are the effects of GH in the body?

Answer 11

• Increases blood glucose
• Increases bones length and width
• Increases muscle mass
• Also: Increase blood level of fatty acids and collagen formation.

Question 12

What are the other “S” terms for Growth Releasing and Growth Inhibiting hormones.

Answer 12

Somatotropin and Somatostatin (respectively).

Question 13

What are the complications of Growth Hormone in the body (If not properly regulated).

Answer 13

Hypersecretion: Gigantism in children and Acromegaly in adults.

Hyposecretion: Pituitary dwarfism (in children).

Question 14

What is hypersecretion of a hormone indicative of?

Answer 14

A tumor/Adenoma

Question 15

Where is the parathyroid gland located in respect to the thyroid.

Answer 15

Anteriorly.

Question 16

What are the effects of T3/T4 hormone in the body?

Answer 16

• Affects METABOLISM
• Heat production
• Affects HR/BP
• Tissue growth/development
• Affects nervous system

Question 17

Hyposecretion of Thyroid hormone. What happens?

Answer 17

• Sluggish
• Cold
• Low metabolism
• Hard to lose weight
• Depressed
• Constipated

-Hashimoto’s (in adults) where AB attacks Thyroid can cause Hypo.

-Can cause cretinism in infants.

Question 18

Hypersecretion of Thyroid hormone. What happens?

Answer 18

• This usually indicates that tumor is present.
• Antsy/Jitters
• HIGH HR
• Too hot
• High Meta (lose weight fast)

Question 19

What is Grave’s Disease

Answer 19

The thyroid is HYPER secreting thyroid hormones, which causes complications in the body.

Question 20

Hypoparathyroidism. What happens?

Answer 20

• Low blood calcium
• Can’t contract muscles properly
• Respiratory paralysis (Can’t breath = die)

Question 21

Hyperparathyroidism. What happens?

Answer 21

• High blood calcium
• Soft/Pliable bones
• Kidney stones

Question 22

What does the hormone CRH trigger the release of?

Answer 22

ACTH (In the pituitary).

Question 23

Describe the function of Aldosterone.

Answer 23

• Helps regulate blood pressure
• Manage levels of Na+/K+
• Secretes either Na+ or K+ depending on BP.

Question 24

(Aldosterone) What happens if K+ or Na+ rises? Why would either of these happen?

Answer 24

• Higher K+ lowers BP/BV
• Higher Na+ RAISES BP/BV (due to water retention).

Question 25

What happens if Aldosterone is hypersecreted?

Answer 25

- Indicative of tumor (adrenal) - Causes hypertension due to Na+ (water retention)

Question 26

What are the symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus?

Answer 26

- Glucose negative - LOW Blood Volume/Pressure - HIGH Urine output - EXTREME THIRST - Copious amounts of water lost - Indicates there's an issue with Posterior Pit. gland (Injury) and ADH secretion (too low).

Question 27

What are the symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 27

- Glucose positive -Hyperglycemia - Excess glucose present in the blood - Copious volumes of Urine = Cause thirst/dehydration - Fatigue

Question 28

What does the Adrenal CORTEX produce?

Answer 28

Aldosterone

Question 29

What does the Adrenal MEDULLA produce?

Answer 29

Noepi, Epi, and Cortisol

Question 30

What is the differences between DM 1 and DM 2?

Answer 30

DM 1: - Autoimmune - AB attacks insulin cells - Treatment is Insulin injections - No cure DM 2: - Insulin produced, but is resisted by body (no matter what). - Treatment is good diet, excercise, & stress reduction.

Question 31

What is the purpose of a Urinalysis?

Answer 31

It is a glucose tolerance test to check if you have either DM 1 or DM 2. It also checks glucose levels (?).

Question 32

(ACTH hypo.) What are symptoms for Addison's disease and how is it treated?

Answer 32

- Low BP - Weight loss - Hypoglycemia - Low cortisol - Hyperpigmentation - Dehydration Treatment: Give more cortisol.

Question 33

(ACTH hyper.) What are the symptoms for Cushing's disease and how is it treated?

Answer 33

- Higher BP - Weight gain - Hyperglycemia - High cortisol - "Moon face" Treatment: Give less cortisol.

Question 34

What is hypoatremia?

Answer 34

Low sodium

Question 35

What effects does Noepi, and Epi have on the body?

Answer 35

- Sympathetic response in the body - Helps regulate stress - Vasoconstriction (blood is shunted to vital organs) - High BP, BV, and HR

Question 36

What are the symptoms of a Adrenal Medulla tumor? What is another factor that can cause those symptoms?

Answer 36

- Hypersecretion of Epi/Noepi - High blood glucose (hyperglycemia) - Hypertension - Vasoconstriction Chronic stress can also cause these same symptoms!

Question 37

What is the impact of stress on the Adrenal glands?

Answer 37

- Raised BP, BV, HR - High ACTH - High cortisol - Hyperglycemia

Question 38

What happens if too much aldosterone is secreted?

Answer 38

It causes hypertension.

Question 39

What happens if too much Noepi and Epi is secreted?

Answer 39

It causes hyperglycemia (and other sympathetic responses).

Question 40

What are the causes of Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 40

- Issues with the Adrenal glands (tumor). - No insulin (Pancreas is attacked) - DM 1 - Insulin resistance - DM 2