Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Finals Flash Cards 🩺 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

(67 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the diagnostic test for Addison’s disease?

A

Synacthen (ACTH) stimulation test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Three macrovascular complications of diabetes?

A
  • CVD
  • MI
  • PAD
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Microvascular complications of diabetes?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name 3 neuropathic complications of T2DM?

A

Autonomic dysfunction
Peripheral neuropathy
Gastroparesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Patient is started on an SGLT-2 inhibitor and is sick what should you do?

A

Stop it and be aware of of Euglycaemic ketoacidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If a patient has multiple hormone deficiencies, what would you consider?

A

Hypopituitarism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common cause of hypopituitarism?

A

Pituitary disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, GNRH, Prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What would you see on a radioiodine uptake scan in Grave’s disease?

A

Diffuse uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 3 other cardiorespiratory complications of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • AF
  • High-output heart failure
  • Upper airway obstruction (large goitres)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 3 other neurological manifestations of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Slow reflexes
  • Cerebellar ataxia
  • Peripheral neuropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 3 causes of hypothyroidism

A
  • Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
  • Congenital hypothyroidism
  • Dietary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What antibodies used to investigate autoimmune hypothyroidism?

A

Anti- TPO
Anti-Thyroglobulin
Anti-TSH Receptor ABs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the symptoms of Addisonian Crisis?

A
  • Severe abdominal pain
  • Severe electrolyte imbalance
  • Hypotension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does ACTH stimulate?

A

The adrenal glands to release cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Growth hormone stimulate?

A

Stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) from the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does Aldosterone work?

A

It is a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone which works on the nephrons in the kidney to:
- Increase sodium reabsorption from the distal tubule.
- Increase potassium secretion from the distal tubule.
- Increase hydrogen secretion from the collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What TFT is used for a screening test for thyroid disease?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone. When TSH is abnormal then T3 and T4 can be measured to gain more information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can “Cold” areas (abnormally low uptake) on radioisotope scans indicate?

A

Could indicate thyroid cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Toxic Multinodular goitre?

A

Also known as Plummer’s disease.
It is a condition where nodules develop on the thyroid gland, which are unregulated by the thyroid axis and continuously produce excessive thyroid hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Pretibial myxoedema caused by?

A

Skin condition caused by deposits of glycoaminoglycans under the skin on the anterior aspect of the leg.
Specific to Grave’s disease and is a reaction to TSH receptor antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is HbA1c?

A

Glycosylated haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What would overestimate a blood sugar measurement?

A

Splenectomy - due to increased RBC lifespan
Also Vitamin B12/Folic Acid deficiency and Iron deficiency anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the treatment of HHS?
Treat with fluids and need thromboprophylaxis as the blood becomes very viscous.
26
How does SGLT2 inhibitors works?
They increase renal glucose excretion
27
Which diabetic medication is contraindicated in heart failure?
Gliclazine
28
How can you treat Autonomic neuropathy in T1DM?
Gastroparesis --> Give metoclopramide as it is a prokinetic agent and therefore increases gut motility
29
What diabetic medication should you stop before sending a patient for CT scan with contrast and why?
Metformin as the combination of Contrast Dye and Metformin predisposes you to Lactic Acidosis
30
How do you treat a myxoedemic coma?
Thyroxine and hydrocortisone
31
How do you treat a thyrotoxic storm?
beta blockers, propylthiouracil and hydrocortisone
32
Who might receive growth hormone therapy?
- Proven growth hormone deficiency - Turner's syndrome - Prader-Willi syndrome - Chronic renal insufficiency before puberty
33
What is the treatment for Subacute (De Quervain's) Thyroiditis?
Conservative management with ibuprofen
34
What is Phase 1 of Subacute (De Quervain's) thyroiditis?
Lasts 3-6 weeks: Hyperthyroidism, painful goitre, raised ESR
35
What is the first line management for painrelief in diabetic neuropathy?
Duloxetine or amitriptyline, gabapentinn or pregabalin
36
What would U&E show in Cushing's syndrome?
Hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis
37
When should you add a second drug in T2DM control?
Only add a second drug if the HbA1c rises to 58mmol/mol
38
What would a high-dose dexamethasone suppression test show with a pituitary adenoma?
- Cortisol: Suppressed - ACTH: Suppressed
39
What cancer is Hashimoto's thyroiditis linked to?
MALT lymphoma
40
What blood tests might you see in an adrenal crisis?
Hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and hypoglycaemia
41
What are the diabetic sick days rules?
Stop the insulin and measure blood glucose more frequently
42
What is the first-line investigation for suspected primary hyperaldosteronism? What would the results be?
Aldosterone/Renin Ratio Should show high aldosterone levels alongside low renin levels
43
What are the features of primary hyperaldosteronism?
Hypertension Hypokalaemia E.g., muslce weakness Metabolic alkalosis
44
What is the pathophysiology of DKA?
Caused by uncontrolled lipolysis which results in an excess of free fatty acids that are ultimately converted to ketone bodies
45
What is the definition of DKA?
- pH .7.3 - Blood ketones <0.6 mmol/L - Bicarbonate >15.0mmol/L
46
What are the complications of DKA?
- Gastric stasis - Thromboembolism - Arrhythmias secondary to hyperkalaemia - Iatrogenic due to incorrect fluid therapy: Cerebral oedema, hypokalaemia, hypoglycaemia - ARDS - AKi
47
What should every patient being started on Insulin also receive?
A Glucagon kit for emergencies
48
What antibodies do you get in Graves' disease?
TSH Receptor antibodies
49
What antibodies do you get in Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Anti thyroid peroxidase antibodies
50
What electrolyte imbalance would you see in Addison's disease?
Hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and hypoglycaemia
51
What are the causes of Hypoadrenalism?
Primary causes: - Tuberculosis - Metastasis - Meningococcal septicaemia (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) - HIV - Antiphospholipid syndrome Secondary causes: - Pituitary disorders - Exogenous glucocorticoid therapy
52
Which diabetic medications are associated with Bladder cancer?
Pioglitazone
53
What is the HbA1c target for a patient taking drugs which may cause hypoglycaemia?
53mmol/L
54
What is the diagnostic test for diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome?
Low-dose overnight dexamethasone suppression test
55
How should a patient take metformin during Ramadan?
During Ramadan, one-third of the normal metformin dose should be taken before sunrise and two-thirds should be taken after sunset
56
What is Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?
- Blood vessels in adrenal gland rupture leading to adrenal crisis
57
What is the best test to diagnose Cushing's disease
Overnight (low dose) dexamethasone suppression test
58
What is the metabolic disturbance in Cushing's syndrome?
Hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis
59
What is the commenest cause of Addison's disease?
Autoimmune
60
What lab findings would you expect in Klinefelter's syndrome?
High LH and low testosterone
61
What are some precipitating factors for a thyroid storm?
- Thyroid or non-thyroidal surgery - Trauma - Infection - Acute iodine load e.g. CT contrast media
62
What are some of the clinical features of thyroid storm?
- fever > 38.5ºC - tachycardia - confusion and agitation - nausea and vomiting - hypertension - heart failure - abnormal liver function test - jaundice may be seen clinically
63
What is the management of Thyroid Storm?
- Symptomatic treatment - Paracetamol - Treatment of precipitating event - Beta-blockers: typically IV propanolol - Anti-thyroid drugs - Lugol's iodine - Dexamethasone (blocks conversion of T4 to T3)
64
What is the pathological basis for Cushing's disease
Endogenous secretion of ACTH from a pituitary adenoma
65
What is the pathophysiology of hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state?
Hyperglycaemia --> Increased serum osmolality --> Osmotic diuresis --> Severe volume depletion
66
What is the management of HHS?
fluid replacement - fluid losses in HHS are estimated to be between 100 - 220 ml/kg - IV 0.9% sodium chloride solution - typically given at 0.5 - 1 L/hour depending on clinical assessment - potassium levels should be monitored and added to fluids depending on the level insulin - should not be given unless blood glucose stops falling while giving IV fluids venous thromboembolism prophylaxis patients are at risk of thrombosis due to hyperviscosity
67

Finals Flash Cards 🩺 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions