ENDOCRINOLOGY

Question 1

What is Endocrinology?

Answer 1

Study of endocrine glands and hormones secreted

Question 2

What are Hormones?

Answer 2

Chemical signals SECRETED by cells to bloodstream and TRAVELS to target tissues

Question 3

What is a Positive feedback?

Answer 3

-INCREASE in hormone product results to ELEVATED activity.
-Hormone production of system

Question 4

What is Negative Feedback?

Answer 4

-DECREASE in hormone product results to DECREASED activity.
-Hormone production of system

Question 5

3 Classification of Hormones

Answer 5

“PAS”
-Peptides/Polypeptides
-Amines
-Steroids

Question 6

What is a Polypeptide and its types?

Answer 6

*It is water-soluble.
*2 TYPES
-Glycoprotein
-Polypeptides

Question 7

What is a Steroid?

Answer 7

*Insoluble
*Synthesized from Cholesterol

Question 8

Examples of Glycoprotein

Answer 8

-FSH
-EPO
-TSH
-HCG

Question 9

Examples of Polypeptides

Answer 9

PAGA
-Prolactin
-ACTH
-GH
-ADH

Question 10

Examples of Steroids

Answer 10

PET CAVS
-Progesterone
-Estrogen
-Testosterone
-Cortisol
-Aldosterone
-Vitamin D

Question 11

Examples of Amines

Answer 11

-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine
-Melatonin
-T3
-T4

Question 12

Examples of Glands

Answer 12

-Hypothalamus
-Anterior & Posterior Pituitary
-Thyroid & Parathyroid
-Adrenal
-Reproductive Glands
-Pancreas

Question 13

Hormones for Hypothalamus

Answer 13

Releasing Hormones
Somatostatin
Dopamine

Question 14

Examples of Releasing Hormones

Answer 14

TRH
GnRH
GHRH
CRH

Question 15

TRH

Answer 15

Regulates production of TSH and Prolactin

Question 16

GnRH

Answer 16

Regulates production of LH and FSH

Question 17

GHRH

Answer 17

Regulates production of GH

Question 18

CRH

Answer 18

Regulates production of ACTH

Question 19

Somatostatin

Answer 19

Inhibitor of GH and TSH

Question 20

Dopamine

Answer 20

Prolactin release inhibitor

Question 21

Hormones for Anterior Pituitary

Answer 21

GH
Prolactin
TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH

Question 22

GH

Answer 22

-Most ABUNDANT pituitary hormone
-Can cause
*Gigantism
*Acromegaly
*Dwarfism

Question 23

Gigantism

Answer 23

INCREASE [excess] GH BEFORE closure of epiphyseal plate

Question 24

Acromegaly

Answer 24

INCREASE [excess] GH AFTER closure of epiphyseal plate

Question 25

Dwarfism

Answer 25

Deficiency of GH

Question 26

Prolactin

Answer 26

-initiates and maintains LACTATION -highest levels : 4AM, 8AM, 8PM, 10PM -Prolactinoma

Question 27

Prolactinoma

Answer 27

Most common type of functional pituitary tumor

Question 28

TSH

Answer 28

STIMULATION for the production of T3 and T4

Question 29

LH

Answer 29

For SECRETION of progesterone For OVULATION

Question 30

ACTH

Answer 30

-STIMULATION for the production of ADRENOCORTICAL STEROID formation and secretion

Question 31

FSH

Answer 31

-SECRETION of ESTROGEN -DEVELOPMENT of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES -SPERMATOGENESIS

Question 32

Hormones for Posterior Pituitary (ONLY RELEASES not produce)

Answer 32

Oxytocin ADH

Question 33

ADH

Answer 33

-AKA Vasopressin -Water-balance and BP elevation -Deficiency: DI

Question 34

Oxytocin

Answer 34

-STIMULATES contraction of uterine ("Fergussion reflex") -acts in PARTURITION and TRANSPORT of sperm -MILK EJECTION (suckling stimulator)

Question 35

Hormones for Thyroid Gland

Answer 35

T3 and T4 Calcitonin

Question 36

T3 and T4

Answer 36

-For METABOLISM -T4 > T3 (more biologically active) -Can cause hyper and hypothyroidism, myxedema

Question 37

Primary Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease)

Answer 37

-Inc T3, T4 -Dec TSH -with anti-TSH receptor antibody

Question 38

Secondary Hyperthyroidism

Answer 38

Inc FT4 and TSH

Question 39

Primary Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)

Answer 39

-Dec T3, T4 -Inc TSH -with anti-TPO antibody

Question 40

Myxedema

Answer 40

manifestation of Hashimoto's disease

Question 41

Calcitonin

Answer 41

-produce by parafollicular cells -calcium and phosphate regulator

Question 42

Hormone for Parathyroid gland (smallest)

Answer 42

PTH

Question 43

PTH

Answer 43

-produce and secreted by CHIEF CELLS of parathyroid gland -BONE RESORPTION -can cause Primary and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Question 44

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 44

Inc Ionized Calcium

Question 45

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 45

Dec ionized calcium

Question 46

Hormones for Adrenal Gland

Answer 46

Cortisol Aldosterone Catecholamines

Question 47

Cortisol

Answer 47

-Secreted by Zona Fasciculate -Highest : 6AM-9AM ; Lowest : 11PM-3AM -can cause CUSHING syndrome -Methods: Porter-Silber and Zimmerman

Question 48

Cushing's Syndrome

Answer 48

-Inc cortisol, ACTH (tumor on Pituitary) -Dec aldosterone, renin SCREENING: 24 hour urine free cortisol test CONFIRMATORY: LOW dose (dexamethasone suppression; CRH stimulation)

Question 49

Formula for Porter-SIlber reaction

Answer 49

Corticosteroid + reaction = YELLOW

Question 50

Formula for Zimmerman reaction

Answer 50

ketosteroids + reaction = REDDISH PURPLE

Question 51

Aldosterone

Answer 51

-Secreted by Zona Glomerulosa -MOST IMPORTANT mineralocorticoid -Na+ and K+ retention -can cause Barterr's, Conn's, Liddle's syndrome

Question 52

Barterr's syndrome

Answer 52

DEFECT in KIDNEY's ability to REABSORB sodium

Question 53

Conn's syndrome (1' hyperaldosteronism)

Answer 53

hypokalemia and hypernatremia (K and N)

Question 54

Liddle's syndrome

Answer 54

EXCESS sodium reabsorption and excretion of potassium due to DEFECT in DCT

Question 55

Catecholamines

Answer 55

-secreted in MEDULLA -80% epinephrine; 20% norepinephrine -can cause Pheochromocytoma

Question 56

Pheochromocytoma

Answer 56

tumor that results to OVERPRODUCTION of catecholamines

Question 57

Hormones for Reproductive Glands

Answer 57

Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone

Question 58

Testosterone

Answer 58

-PRINCIPAL androgen in blood -Most POTENT male androgen -synthesizes by LEYDIG CELLS

Question 59

Estrone

Answer 59

most ABUNDANT in MENOpausal women

Question 60

Estradiol

Answer 60

most POTENT most ABUDANT in PRE-MENOpausal women

Question 61

Estriol

Answer 61

major ESTROGEN detect during PREGNANCY

Question 62

Kober reaction

Answer 62

analyze estrogens

Question 63

Progesterone

Answer 63

Single best hormone to evaluate if OVULATION has occured

Question 64

Hormones of pancreas

Answer 64

Insulin Glucagon

Question 65

Insulin

Answer 65

Hypoglycemic agent

Question 66

Glucagon

Answer 66

Hyperglycemic agent

Question 67

Metabolites of Dopamine

Answer 67

Homovanilic acid

Question 68

Metabolites of Serotonin

Answer 68

5-HIAA

Question 69

Metabolites of Epinephrine

Answer 69

Vanillyl mandelic acid Metanephrine

Question 70

Metabolites of Norepinephrine

Answer 70

URINE: 3-methoxy-4hydroxyphenylglycol BLOOD: Vanillyl mandelic acid