Endocrinology

Question 1

The following are not characteristics of endocrine glands except:
a. presence of secretory cells
b. presence of ducts
c. poor blood supply
d. mainly secretes enzymes

Answer 1

Presence of secretory cells

Question 2

Statement 1: Arnold Adolph Berthold proved that both the transplantation and reimplantation of testis will not restore the normal development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Statement 2: Through their experiment, Ernest Starling and William Bayliss demonstrated that the duodenum releases secretin when stimulated by acid.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. Statement 1 true, statement 2 false.
d. Statement 1 false, statement 2 true.

Answer 2

Statement 1 false, statement 2 true

Question 3

S1: A hormone affects its target tissue by activating specific cell receptors. S2: Receptors for all hormones are located on
the surface of the cell.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. Statement 1 true, statement 2 false.
d. Statement 1 false, statement 2 true.

Answer 3

Statement 1 true, statement 2 false

Question 4

Which is a characteristic of a hormone receptor?
a. Has an infinite number.
b. Binding of hormone is irreversible.
c. Activation is non-dose dependent.
d. High affinity and specificity.
e. All of the choices.

Answer 4

High affinity and specificity

Question 5

Which of the following is a peptide hormone?
a. estrogen
b. insulin
c. progesterone
d. prostaglandin

Answer 5

Insulin

Question 6

Which of the following hormones utilizes cAMP as second messenger system?
a. cortisol
b. vasopressin
c. estrogen
d. aldosterone

Answer 6

Vasopressin

Question 7

The hormone which regulates the secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones:
a. adenypophyseal hormones
b. neurohypophyseal hormones
c. hypothalamic hormones
d. gonadal hormones

Answer 7

Hypothalamic hormones

Question 8

Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) targets the ___________ to stimulate the release of ________.
a. lactotropes of mammary gland; milk
b. lactotropes of posterior pituitary gland; prolactin
c. leutotropes of anterior pituitary gland; prolactin
d. leutotropes of mammary gland; milk

Answer 8

Leutotropes of anterior pituitary gland; prolactin

Question 9

Pituitary gland is located in a dorsal concavity of the sphenoid bone called:
a. hypothalamic fossa
b. clinoid process
c. sella turcica
d. tuberculum sellae

Answer 9

Sella turcica

Question 10

Hypersecretion of growth hormone leads to _______ in adult animals.
a. gigantism
b. acromegaly
c. dwarfism
d. none of the choices

Answer 10

Acromegaly

Question 11

One of the following serves as an inhibitor of ADH secretion.
a. increase in blood osmolarity
b. increase in ECF volume
c. vomiting
d. morphine

Answer 11

Increase in ECF volume

Question 12

The neurons secreting oxytocin originate in the _____ of the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland.
a. paraventricular nucleus
b. supraoptic nucleus
c. arcuate nucleus
b. dorsomedial nucleus

Answer 12

Paraventricular nucleus

Question 13

The hypothalamic hormone which regulates the hormone that controls release of ovum from the ovary:
a. GnRH
b. LH
c. FSH
d. oxytocin

Answer 13

GnRH

Question 14

Which of the following statements about melanocyte
stimulating hormone (MSH) is true?
a. MSH is primarily produced in the hypothalamus
b. MSH regulates blood sugar levels in mammals.
c. MSH plays a role in the regulation of skin
pigmentation.
d. MSH is only found in invertebrates.

Answer 14

MSH plays a role in the regulation of skin
pigmentation

Question 15

These are examples of negative feedback mechanism,
except:
a. regulation of TRH, TSH and thyroid hormone
secretion
b. regulation of hypothalamo-hypophyseal
hormones
c. regulation of CRH, ACTH, and cortisol
d. regulation of LH surge and ovulation

Answer 15

Regulation of LH surge and ovulation

Question 16

Parafollicular cells are known as:
a. P-cells
b. F-cells
c. C-cells
d. D-cells

Answer 16

C-cells

Question 17

Most of the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4 present in plasma
are bound to ______.
a. globulin
b. albumin
c. fibrinogen
d. none, they are free

Answer 17

Globulin

Question 18

Formation of thyroid hormones through coupling is catalyzed
by:
a. iodinase
b. tyrosine kinase
c. thyroperoxidase
d. monodeiodinase

Answer 18

Thyroperoxidase

Question 19

Hypothyroidism can cause dwarf-like signs in affected
animals. This condition is called______.
a. expothalmos
b. goiter
c. myxedema
d. cretinism

Answer 19

Cretinism

Question 20

These are clinical signs of hyperthyroidism, except:
a. weight loss
b. exophthalmos
c. heat seeking
d. polyuria

Answer 20

Heat seeking

Question 21

Statement 1: PTH and calcitriol are hypercalcemic hormones
because they raise blood Ca level.
Statement 2: Calcitonin is a hypocalcemic hormone because it lowers blood Ca level.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. Statement 1- true, statement 2-false.
d. Statement 1 -false, statement 2-true.

Answer 21

Both statements are true.

Question 22

In bones, there are two types of cells in charge of bone formation and bone resorption: _________ and________, respectively.
a. osteoblast and osteoclast
b. osteoblast and osteocytes
c. osteocytes and osteoclast
d. osteocytes and monocytes

Answer 22

osteoblast and osteoclast

Question 23

The direct effects of PTH on calcium absorption are the
following, except:
a. PTH causes increased Ca reabsorption in the DCT of the
kidneys.
b. Increased intestinal calcium transport on the absorptive cells
lining the intestine.
c. Regulates the conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol in the
kidneys.
d. None of the above.

Answer 23

Regulates the conversion of calcidiol to calcitriol in the
kidneys.

Question 24

Which is not true about primary hyperparathyroidism?
a. Kidney stones may result from this condition.
b. It leads to decalcification of bones and hypercalcemia.
c. Most commonly due to a functional parathyroid tumor.
d. The prominent clinical signs are tetany and convulsions.

Answer 24

The prominent clinical signs are tetany and convulsions.

Question 25

When calcium concentration in blood is above the upper limit, this becomes a positive feedback signal to the parafollicular cells to produce: a. calcidiol b. calcitriol c. cholecalciferol d. calcitonin

Answer 25

Calcitonin

Question 26

The innermost zone of adrenal cortex, secreting mainly androgens and minimally GCC. a. zona fasciculata b. zona reticularis c. zona arcuata d. zona glomerulosa

Answer 26

Zona reticularis

Question 27

Corticosterone predominates in: a. sheep, dogs, cats b. rabbit, humans, primates c. rabbit, mouse, rat d. ruminants and primates

Answer 27

Rabbit, mouse, rat

Question 28

Which of the following is not an effect of glucocorticoids? a. Promotes hepatic output of glucose through gluconeogenesis. b. Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver. c. Inhibits the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism. d. Inhibits proteolysis leading to decreased mobilization of amino acids.

Answer 28

Inhibits proteolysis leading to decreased mobilization of amino acids

Question 29

Which of the following is not an effect GCC on carbohydrate metabolism? a. Enhances the effect of epinephrine in glucose metabolism. b. Stimulates glycogenolysis. c. Promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis. d. Potentiates the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism.

Answer 29

Potentiates the effect of insulin on glucose metabolism

Question 30

Excessive secretion of GCC can lead to: a. adrenal diabetes b. osteopenia c. muscle wasting d. all of the choices

Answer 30

All of the choices

Question 31

The following is/are physiologic effect/s of aldosterone. a. Aldosterone regulates the concentration of sodium and potassium in the ECF b. Sodium reabsorption is coupled with the excretion of K and H into the urine. c. Aldosterone also affects sweat glands, stomach, colon, and salivary ducts. d. All of the above.

Answer 31

All of the above

Question 32

Polyphagia, PUPD, thin skin, hair loss, pot-bellied appearance, hyperglycemia, muscle wasting are most likely the clinical signs of: a. Addison’s disease b. Cushing’s disease c. diabetes mellitus d. diabetes insipidus

Answer 32

Cushing’s disease

Question 33

Pheochromocytomas are: a. red brown tumors arising from chromaffin cells b. red brown tumors originating from corticocyte c. benign tumors from the zona glomerulosa d. benign tumors from the zona fasciculata

Answer 33

Red brown tumors arising from chromaffin cells

Question 34

The pancreatic alpha cells secrete a hormone that ________, while beta cell secretion ________. a. increases blood calcium level, lowers blood calcium level b. lowers blood calcium level, increases blood calcium level c. lowers blood sugar level, increases blood sugar level d. increases blood sugar level, lowers blood sugar level

Answer 34

Increases blood sugar level, lowers blood sugar level

Question 35

The most important regulator of insulin and glucagon secretion is the _______________. a. concentration of energy substrates in the blood b. parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreas c. hypothalamus and pituitary center d. the daily rhythm of the animal

Answer 35

Concentration of energy substrates in the blood

Question 36

Glucagon secretion is increased by the following, except: a. catecholamines b. hyperglycemia c. sympathetic nervous system d. epinephrine

Answer 36

Hyperglycemia

Question 37

The following are effects of insulin, except: a. Insulin promotes storage of fats. b. Insulin is a potent inhibitor of lipase. c. Insulin promotes uptake of glucose. d. Inhibits glycogen synthase.

Answer 37

Inhibits glycogen synthase.

Question 38

Statement 1: During much of the day, muscle tissue depends not on glucose for its energy but on fatty acids. Statement 2: The principal reason for this is that the normal resting muscle membrane is only slightly permeable to glucose. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. Statement 1-true, statement 2-false. d. Statement 1-false, statement 2-true.

Answer 38

Both statements are true

Question 39

Which of the following tissues contain GLUT-4? I. skeletal muscle tissues II. adipose tissues III. cardiac muscle IV. brain V. hepatic tissue a. I, II, III b. I, II c. I d. I, II, III, IV

Answer 39

I, II, III

Question 40

Which of the following does not stimulate insulin secretion? a. parasympathetic action b. catecholamines c. GLP-1 d. hyperglycemia

Answer 40

Catecholamines

Question 41

The four cardinal signs of diabetes are: a. polyphagia, osteoporosis, polydipsia, ketoacidosis b. anorexia, polydipsia, emaciation, glucosuria c. polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, glucosuria d. polyphagia, nervousness, polydipsia, weakness

Answer 41

polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, glucosuria

Question 42

________ is a very potent stimulator of feeding behavior (orexigenic neurotransmitter). It is inhibited by leptin to decrease hunger and food consumption. a. neuropeptide Y b. alpha-MSH c. gamma-MSH d. peptide YY

Answer 42

Neuropeptide Y

Question 43

Which cells specifically secrete erythropoietin? a. peritubular fibroblast b. juxtaglomerular cells c. distal convoluted tubule cells d. macula densa

Answer 43

Peritubular fibroblast

Question 44

Leptin receptors are located in what part of the brain? a. cerebellum b. pituitary gland c. pineal gland d. hypothalamus

Answer 44

Hypothalamus

Question 45

Atrial natriuretic peptide is synthesized and released by the: a. atrium of the heart b. ventricle of the heart c. brain d. hypothalamus

Answer 45

Atrium of the heart

Question 46

Functions of ANP: which is incorrect? a. vasodilation b. excretion of Na in urine and diuresis c. lowers the blood pressure d. none of the choices

Answer 46

None of the choices

Question 47

The Angiotensin II directly stimulates the zona glomerulosa to convert cholesterol into pregnenolone and corticosterone to aldosterone. The other functions of angiotensin II are the following, except: a. feeds back to JG cells to inhibit secretion of renin b. acts on CNS to stimulate thirst center c. potentiates the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide d. stimulates release of vasopressin

Answer 47

Potentiates the effect of atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 48

Hyperinsulinism leads to _______ while diabetes mellitus leads to _______. a. hypocalcemia; hypercalcemia b. hyperglycemia; hypoglycemia c. hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia d. hypercalcemia; hypocalcemia

Answer 48

Hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia

Question 49

Which of the following is the correct pair? a. macula densa – renin b. adrenal cortex – norepinephrine c. kidney – erythropoietin d. lungs – angiotensinogen

Answer 49

Kidney – erythropoietin

Question 50

How does melatonin secretion differ between long day and short day breeders? a. Long day breeders experience decreased melatonin secretion during longer periods of darkness. b. Short day breeders experience decreased melatonin secretion during longer periods of light. c. Both long day and short day breeders show consistent melatonin secretion patterns throughout the year. d. None of the choices.

Answer 50

Short day breeders experience decreased melatonin secretion during longer periods of light