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IMS- Strand 12 > Endocrinology 2 > Flashcards

Endocrinology 2 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 6 main endocrine glands?

A
  • Hypothalamus/ pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal
  • Ovaries/ testicles
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2
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary axis

A
  • Brain
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
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3
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

The main boss
Controls most (but not all) glands in the body

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4
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior pituitary
- produces various hormones
Posterior pituitary
- stores various hormones

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5
Q

What 5 hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
  • Gonadotrophins (FSH & LH)
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotrophin (TSH)
  • Prolactin (PRL)
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6
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Important for skeletal growth

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7
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates the adrenals to produce steroids

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8
Q

Gonadotrophins (FSH & LH)

A

Stimulate the testicles or ovaries to produce sex hormones

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9
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotrophin (TSH)

A

Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

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10
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

Stimulates breast milk production

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11
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary store?

A

stores the hormones produced in the hypothalamus
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Oxytocin

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12
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A
  • Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys
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13
Q

Oxytocin

A

Main role= helps uterine contractions during labour

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14
Q

How is the anterior pituitary gland controlled?

A

by the hypothalamus

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15
Q

What is Corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)

A
  • Stimulates ACTH secretion
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16
Q

What is growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

A
  • Stimulates GH secretion
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17
Q

What is Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A
  • Stimulates TSH secretion
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18
Q

What is Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A
  • stimulates FSH & LH secretion
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19
Q

What is Prolactin releasing hormone?

A
  • Does not exist
    and prolactin is under the inhibitory effect of the hypothalamus
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20
Q

What does cortisol switch off?

A

ACTH & CRH

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21
Q

What does growth hormone switch off?

22
Q

What does Thyroid hormones switch off?

23
Q

What does sex hormones switch off?

Study These Flashcards
A

FSH/LH & GnRH

24
Q

How are glands controlled?

Study These Flashcards
A

End product switches off earlier products
Example of negative feedback

25
What 4 glands are not controlled by the pituitary?
- Adrenal medulla - Parathyroid - Pancreas - Gut hormones
26
Adrenal medulla
- produces adrenaline and noradrenaline
27
Parathyroid
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), which controls calcium levels
28
Pancreas
Controls sugar levels
29
Gut hormones
Will leave alone
30
What is the thyroid gland composed of?
- Midline isthmus - Right lobe - Left lobe Also contains C cells producing calcitonin (Calcium metabolism)
31
How are thyroid cells arranged?
in follicles and produce thyroid hormones
32
Primary hyperthyroidism
Thyroid pathology causes increased thyroid hormone production (TSH= low)
33
Secondary hyperthyroidism
Pituitary pathology causing increased TSH synthesis and consequently higher thyroid hormone production
34
What is calcium metabolism?
Mainly controlled by 4 parathyroid glands sitting behind the thyroid
35
What 4 other organs are involved in calcium metabolism?
- Kidneys (calcium excretion and production of active Vitamin D) - Gut (absorption of calcium) - Bone (storage of calcium) - Thyroid (C cells)
36
What are the adrenal glands composed of?
Adrenal cortex, 90% of gland and produces: - Corticosteroids (cortisol) - Androgens (male hormones) - Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) Adrenal medulla, 10% of gland and produces: - Catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenalin & dopamine)
37
What is catecholamine?
Secretion not controlled by pituitary Related to BP
38
What is Mineralcorticoid ?
secretion not controlled by the pituitary Related to renin- angiotensin system= controls BP
39
Where are the ovaries located & what do they contain?
in the pelvis on either side of the uterus contain follicles (each containing an oocyte) at different stage of maturation during reproductive life
40
Control of female hormone secretion
Hypothalamus (GnRH) Pituitary (FSH & LH) Ovaries produce - Inhibin or oestradiol - Progesterone
41
Where are the testes located?
In the scrotum
42
What are the testes composed of?
- Intestinal or leydig cells (produce testosterone) - Seminiferous tubules (made up of germ cells producing sperms) - Sertoli cells (help in sperm production and produce inhibin)
43
Control of male hormone secretion
Hypothalamus (GnRH) Pituitary (FSH & LH Testis produce either Inhibin or Testosterone
44
What types of clinical abnormalities of the various glands are there?
-Hormonal over secretion (primary or secondary) -Hormonal under secretion (primary or secondary) - Tumour/ nodules in the gland without affecting hormone secretion
45
What are static tests used for?
Can diagnose abnormalities of thyroid & sex glands
46
Static test- Primary hyperthyroidism
- Thyroid hormone overproduction Test for: - Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) - TSH In cases of primary hyperthyroidism, T3 & T4 levels are elevated with TSH is suppressed (undetectable)
47
When are stimulation tests used?
for suspected hormonal under secretion where a static test is not enough
48
Examples of stimulation tests?
- Giving ACTH to test for adrenal insufficiency (syncthen test) - If an individual fails to respond to a stimulation test then gland failure is diagnosed - Other examples= glucagon stimulation & insulin stress test for pituitary failure (tests for ACTH & GH responses)
49
What are suppression tests?
some hormonal over secretion
50
Examples of suppression tests
- Giving steroids and testing for endogenous steroid production (external steroids should switch off internal steroid production) - Giving glucose and testing GH secretion (glucose switches off GH secretion in normal individuals)
51
Diseases of the endocrine glands
- Over secretion (usually benign tumours) - Under- secretion gland destruction due to -Inflammation - Infarction - Other - Tumours/ nodules with normal hormone production

IMS- Strand 12 (4 decks)

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