Endocrinology

Question 1

What is endocrinology?

Answer 1

A collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

Question 2

Where is the thalamus located?

Answer 2

Anterior neck C5-T1

Question 3

What muscles does the thalamus lie behind?

Answer 3

sternohyoid and sternothyroid

Question 4

What do the thalamus lie inferiorly to?

Answer 4

the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Question 5

Which arteries supply the thyroid?

Answer 5

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Question 6

Where does the superior thyroid artery arise from?

Answer 6

the first branch of the external carotid artery

Question 7

Which portions of the gland does the superior thyroid artery supply?

Answer 7

the superior and anterior portions

Question 8

Where does the inferior artery arise from?

Answer 8

thyrocervical trunk, a branch of the subclavian artery

Question 9

What portion of the thalamus does the inferior artery supply?

Answer 9

postern-inferior aspect

Question 10

What innervates the thalamus?

Answer 10

branches from the sympathetic trunk

Question 11

What controls hormone release from the thalamus?

Answer 11

the pituitary gland

Question 12

At 3-4 weeks what do the thyroid glands appear as?

Answer 12

an epithelial proliferation at the base of the pharynx

Question 13

What happens to the epithelial proliferation at the base of the pharynx?

Answer 13

It migrates down the thyroglossal duct to below the larynx

Question 14

At what week do the glands produce thyroxine?

Answer 14

18-20 weeks

Question 15

Which 3 structures are seen in thyroid histology?

Answer 15

• follicles
• follicular cells
• parafollicular/C cells

Question 16

What do follicles contain?

Answer 16

thyroglobulin in which iodine is stored and taken up from the blood

Question 17

What is the epithelium of follicular cells?

Answer 17

Simple cuboidal BUT becomes columnar with increased metabolic activity

Question 18

How are follicular cells arranged?

Answer 18

In hollow circles called follicles

Question 19

What hormones do the follicles produce?

Answer 19

T3 and T4

Question 20

What do parafollicular/C cells produce?

Answer 20

calcitonin for Ca2+ homeostasis

Question 21

What is the endocrine system made up of?

Answer 21

The endocrine system is made up of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (in females) and testicles (in males)

Question 22

What does endocrinology mean in Greek?

Answer 22

“endo,” meaning within, and “crinis,” meaning to secrete

Question 23

How does endocrinology work?

Answer 23

a gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body.

Question 24

What two hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

Answer 24

Thyroxine T4 (contains 4 iodines)
Triiodothyronine T3 (contains 3 iodines)

Question 25

Which is the major thyroid hormone?

Answer 25

T3 because T4 is converted to T3 by enzymes known as doiodinases in target cells

Question 26

The concentration of which thyroid hormone is higher in the blood?

Answer 26

T4 (T4 = reservoir for T3)

Question 27

What is thyroxin made from?

Answer 27

tyrosine and iodine