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Year 3 Buzzwords > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Causes: ectopic ACTH, exogenous steroids, ACTH-independent (adrenal hyperplasia, benign adenoma)
Centripetal obesity, bruising, dark palmar creases
Recent onset diabetes mellitus

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2
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Pituitary adenoma

Long synATCHen test: some suppression after a while

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3
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus causes

A

Hereditary
Hypercalcaemia
Lithium
Thiazide diuretic

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4
Q

Psychogenic polydipsia

A

Schizoprenia

Urine osmolality increases concentration with water deprivation

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5
Q

SIADH

A

Hyponatraemia
High urine osmolality
Generalised weakness, hyporeflexia, ataxia, lethargy, confusion

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6
Q

Kallmann’s syndrome

A

Isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
Anosmia/hyposmia
Colour blindness
Cleft palate

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7
Q

Acromegaly

A

Coarse features: thick jaw, prominent brow bone, large hands/feet
Insidious onset
Growth hormone-secreting pituitary

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8
Q

Addison’s disease

A 
Adrenal insufficiency
GI disturbance, weight loss, postural HTN
Hyperkalaemia
Hyponatraemia
Lacking aldosterone
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9
Q

Addisonian crisis

A

Abdo pain, CNS signs (confusion, ataxia, reduced GCS), fatigue, weakness, hypotension, hypoglycaemia
Management: 100mg IV hydrocortisone stat
IV fluids (NaCl) 1L per hour until stabilised
100ml 20% dextrose stat 10-15mins then 10% 100ml/hr if needed
Treat precipitating event

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10
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A 
Hypokalaemia
Hypernatraemia
High bicarbonate (HCO3)
Aldosterone-producing adenoma
Metabolic alkalosis
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11
Q

MEN1

A

Parathyroid tumour
Pituitary adenoma
Pancreatic tumour (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)

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12
Q

MEN 2a

A

Medullary thyroid tumour (amyloidosis)
Phaeochromocytoma
Primary hyperparathyroidism

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13
Q

MEN 2b

A

Phaeochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid tumour (amyloidosis)
Marfan’s syndrome
Organ fibrosis

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14
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Increased metabolism

Insomnia, palpitations, weight loss, diarrhoea, increased appetite, tremor

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15
Q

Grave’s disease

A 
Exophthalmos
Pretibial myxoedema (shin rash)
TSH-receptor antibodies
Diffuse goitre
Diffuse radioisotope uptake
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16
Q

Hashimoto’s disease

A

Autoimmune hypothyroidism
Weight gain, lethargy, constipation
Anti-thyroglobulin, anti-microsomal, anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-TSHr

17
Q

De Quervain’s thyroiditis

A 
Prodromal flu-like illness (influenza, coxsackie, mumps)
Raised ESR
Inflammation = hyperthyroidism
Exhaustion of thyroxine = hypothryoidism
Recovery = euthyroid
18
Q

Riedel’s thyroiditis

A

Slow growing
Hard, immobile, enlarged
Biopsy: fibrotic tissue
Difficulty breathing and swallowing

19
Q

Anaplastic carcinoma

A

Rare, elderly
Rapidly enlarging
Fixed to skin

20
Q

Papillary carcinoma

A

Adolescents and young adults
Biopsy: Orphan Annie eyes, psammoma (sandy) bodies
Lymphadenopathy

21
Q

Follicular carcinoma

A

Middle aged

Spread to lung/bone

22
Q

Medullary carcinoma

A

Tumour marker: calcitonin

MEN2

23
Q

Toxic multinodular goitre

A

Lumpy, irregular thyroid
Plummer’s syndrome
Autonomous hyperfunctioning nodules
Nodular radioisotope uptake scan

24
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Increased PTH, Ca2+
Hypercalcaemia: stones, bones, abdo groans, psychic moans
Polyuria, polydipsia

25
Q

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

High PTH
Low serum Ca2+
Chronic kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency

26
Q

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A

Prolonged secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcaemia
Loss of feedback = autonomous production

27
Q

Hypercalcaemia

A

Ca2+ 2.2-2.6 mmol/L
Bones, moans, stones, groans Hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, vitamin D intoxication or sarcoidosis
Multiple myeloma

28
Q

Hypocalcaemia

A

Ca2+ 2.2-2.6 mmol/L

CKD, parathyroid failure, post-thyroidectomy, hypomagnesaemia

29
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Trousseau’s sign
Chvostek’s sign
Weakness, cramps

30
Q

Nelson’s syndrome

A

Bilateral adrenalectomy and Cushing’s

31
Q

T1DM

A

Weight loss, fatigure, polyuria, polydipsia
Pear-drop breath
Ketoacidosis and kussmal breathing

32
Q

DKA

A

Hyperglycaemia, ketoacidosis, ketouria
Dehydration, confusion, abdo pain
Nausea, vomiting, sweet-smelling breath

33
Q

Hypoglycaemia

A

Neuroglycopenia: irritable, tired, drowsy

Year 3 Buzzwords (6 decks)

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