Endocrinology Conditions D Flashcards

Extra Knowledge (57 cards)

1
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Description

A

benign tumour near pituitary gland

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2
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Causes (1)

A

1) neoplasm of Ratke’s pouch (embryological structure)

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3
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Pathophysiology (1)

A

1) benign tumour infiltrates surrounding structures

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4
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Symptoms (3)

A

1) growth failure (50% of children)
2) low libido
3) amenorrhoea (F)

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5
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Comorbidities (2)

A

1) bitemporal hemianopia

2) hypopituitarism disorders

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6
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) MRI

2) CT

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7
Q

Craniopharyngioma - Management

A

1) transsphenoidal surgery

2) radiotherapy

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8
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Description

A

target cells don’t respond to PTH

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9
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Causes (1)

A

1) dysfunctional GPCRs

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10
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Pathophysiology (2)

A

1) dysfunctional GCPRs

2) target cells don’t respond to PTH

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11
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Symptoms (1)

A

1) hypocalcaemia symptoms

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12
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Signs (4)

A

1) short 4th and 5th metacarpals
2) round face
3) short stature
4) mental retardation

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13
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) hypocalcaemia

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14
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) high PTH

2) low Ca2+

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15
Q

Pseudoparathyroidism - Management (1)

A

1) alfacalcidol (vitamin D)

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16
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Description

A

decreased sex steroid secretion

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17
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Causes (2)

A

1) Turner’s syndrome (F)

2) Klinefelter’s syndrome (M)

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18
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Symptoms (1)

A

1) symptoms related to underlying cause

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19
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Comorbidities (1)

A

1) delayed puberty

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20
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Diagnosis (2)

A

1) high LH/FSH

2) low oestradiol/testosterone

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21
Q

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism (Primary Hypogonadism) - Management (2)

A

1) oestrogen (F)

2) androgens (M)

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22
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Description

A

decreased sex steroid secretion

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23
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Causes (2)

A

1) Kallman’s syndrome

2) CNS tumours

24
Q

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Symptoms (1)

A

1) symptoms related to underlying cause

25
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Comorbidities (1)
1) delayed puberty
26
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Diagnosis (3)
1) low LH/FSH (secondary) 2) GnRH test, low LH/FSH (tertiary) 3) low oestradiol/testosterone
27
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (Secondary/Tertiary Hypogonadism) - Management (3)
1) human chorionic gonadotrophin 2) FSH 3) LH (F)
28
Precocious Puberty - Description
early onset of puberty
29
Precocious Puberty - Causes (2)
1) idiopathic (80% F, 30% M) | 2) CNS pathology
30
Precocious Puberty - Symptoms (1)
1) symptoms related to underlying cause
31
Precocious Puberty - Signs (2)
1) secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years (F) | 2) secondary sexual characteristics before 9 years (M)
32
Precocious Puberty - Diagnosis (1)
1) GnRH test, LH:FSH ratio > 1
33
Precocious Puberty - Management (1)
1) GnRH agonist (suppresses pulsatile GnRH secretion)
34
Delayed Puberty - Description
late onset of puberty
35
Delayed Puberty - Causes (3)
1) idiopathic 2) hypogonadism 3) functional causes, e.g. poorly controlled T1DM
36
Delayed Puberty - Symptoms (1)
1) symptoms related to underlying cause
37
Delayed Puberty - Signs (5)
1) lack of breast development by 13 years (F) 2) lack of pubic hair by 14 years (F) 3) absent menarche by 15 years (F) 4) lack of testicular enlargement by 14 years (M) 5) lack of pubic hair by 15 years (M)
38
Delayed Puberty - Comorbidities (2)
1) reduced peak bone mass | 2) osteoporosis
39
Delayed Puberty - Diagnosis (1)
1) low oestradiol/testosterone
40
Delayed Puberty - Management (3)
1) oestrogen (F) 2) androgen (M) 3) treat underlying cause
41
Hypernatraemia - Description
increased serum sodium
42
Hypernatraemia - Causes (3)
1) fluid loss 2) diabetes insipidus 3) excess saline - iatrogenic
43
Hypernatraemia - Pathophysiology (2)
1) decreased blood water | 2) increased sodium osmolality
44
Hypernatraemia - Symptoms (6)
1) thirst 2) weakness 3) lethargy 4) irritability 5) confusion 6) coma
45
Hypernatraemia - Diagnosis (4)
1) high Na+ 2) high albumin + 3) high urea 4) high PCV
46
Hypernatraemia - Management (2)
1) oral water | 2) IV glucose (5%, 1L/6h)
47
Hyponatraemia - Description
decreased serum sodium
48
Hyponatraemia - Causes (5)
1) SISADH (25%) 2) drip arm (20% 3) Addison's disease 4) diuretics 5) diarrhoea/vomiting
49
Hyponatraemia - Symptoms (1)
dependant on speed of onset | 1) asymptomatic -> coma
50
Hyponatraemia - Comorbidities (1)
1) central pontine myeliolysis (iatrogenic, rapid recorrection)
51
Hyponatraemia - Diagnosis (4)
1) low plasma osmolality 2) high urine osmolality 3) high TSH (exclude hypothyroidism) 4) high cortisol (exclude Addison's disease)
52
Hyponatraemia - Management (3)
1) fluid restriction 2) 0.9% saline 3) treat underlying cause
53
Hypoglycaemia - Description
decreased plasma glucose
54
Hypoglycaemia - Causes (2)
1) insulin (iatrogenic) | 2) sulphonylurea (iatrogenic)
55
Hypoglycaemia - Symptoms (3)
1) autonomic symptoms, e.g. sweating 2) neurogylcopenic symptoms, e.g. confusion 3) severe neuroglycopenic symptoms, e.g. coma
56
Hypoglycaemia - Diagnosis (1)
1) alert value, plasma glucose < 3.9mM
57
Hypoglycaemia - Management (4)
1) 15g fast acting carbohydrate 2) long acting carbohydrate 3) adjust medications 4) patient education (recognition and treatment)