Endocrinology: Exam 1

Question 1

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 1

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the thyroid.
Stimulates release of thyroid hormone, maintains thyroid cell size, & produces T3 and T4.

Question 2

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Answer 2

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the adrenal gland.
Release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex effecting glucose metabolism.

Question 3

Prolactin

Answer 3

Secreted by the anterior pituitary.
Targets the mammary gland.
A peptide that regulates milk production.

Question 4

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Answer 4

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the melanocytes.
Stimulated melanocytes to increase melanin production.

Question 5

Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 5

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the bone, adipose, & muscles.
Stimulating effect in the growth of the body during childbirth.

Question 6

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Answer 6

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the male testes.
Promotes maturation of sperm in males.

Question 7

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Answer 7

Secreted by anterior pituitary.
Targets the female ovaries.
Stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries.

Question 8

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 8

Secreted by posterior pituitary.
Targets the kidneys, sweat glands, & blood vessels.
Promoted the reabsorption of H2O in the kidneys.

Question 9

Oxytocin

Answer 9

Secreted by posterior pituitary.
Targets the uterus and mammary glands.
Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle walls of uterus & mammary gland release milk.

Question 10

Melatonin

Answer 10

Secreted by pineal gland.
Targets the sleep and wake cycle parts of the brain.
Releases melatonin and is produced cyclically dark periods.

Question 11

Thyroid Hormone (T3 / T4)

Answer 11

Secreted by thyroid gland.
Targets most cells of the body.
Crucial for brain maturation during fetal development.

Question 12

Calcitonin

Answer 12

Secreted by thyroid gland.
Targets the bone, gut, & kidney.
Produced by negative feedback to lower Ca2+ levels if they get too high.

Question 13

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Answer 13

Secreted by parathyroid gland.
Targets the bone, gut, & kidney.
Promotes calcium release from tissue & enhanced reabsorption of Ca2+ by kidneys.

Question 14

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Answer 14

Secreted by adrenal medulla.
Targets the smooth muscle & blood vessels.
Enhances fight or flight from the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 15

Aldosterone

Answer 15

Secreted by adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa).
Targets the kidneys.
Increases reabsorption of salt & H2O therefore increasing blood volume & pressure.

Question 16

Cortisol

Answer 16

Secreted by adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata).
Targets the liver & lots of cells in the body.
Has glucose sparing effects of GH.

Question 17

Androgens

Answer 17

Secreted by adrenal cortex (zona reticularis).
Targets the sex organs.
Stimulates the growth of pubic hair.

Question 18

Glucagon

Answer 18

Secreted by pancreas (alpha cells).
Targets the liver, skeletal muscle, & adipose.
Raise blood glucose by increasing liver glycogen breakdown.

Question 19

Insulin

Answer 19

Secreted by pancreas (beta cells).
Targets the liver, skeletal muscle, & adipose.
Lower blood glucose by ^ glucose uptake & utilization by cells & ^ glycogen production in liver & skeletal muscle.

Question 20

Nervous System

Answer 20

Transmission across synaptic cleft.
By neurotransmitters.
Rapid changes.

Question 21

Endocrine System

Answer 21

Transmission through the blood stream.
By hormones.
Prolonged response.

Question 22

Neuroendocrine Cells

Answer 22

Release hormones into the blood as a response to stimulation of nervous system to reach target tissue some distance away.
Ex. adrenal medulla - norepinephrine / epinephrine

Question 23

Paracrine

Answer 23

Cell secretion products diffuse into the extracellular fluid and affect neighboring target cells.

Question 24

Autocrine

Answer 24

Cell secretion products affect the function of the same cell by binding to cell surface receptors (self-regulation).

Question 25

Cytokine

Answer 25

Secreted cell proteins function as autocrines, paracrines, or endocrines & often act on a broad spectrum of target cells (immune system).

Question 26

Endocrine & Nervous System modulation of signals

Answer 26

Endocrine: amplitude modulated • strength of signal -> amount of hormone • onset within minutes Nervous: frequency-modulated signals. • number of action potentials produced by neu determines strength of signal • onset within milliseconds

Question 27

Steroid Hormones

Answer 27

Derivative of cholesterol. Cortisol Aldosterone Estrogens Progesterone Testosterone

Question 28

Protein Hormones

Answer 28

Stored in endocrine cells until needed. Bind to protein receptor on outside of cell. Growth Hormone (GH) Prolactin Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Calcitonin (CT) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Insulin Glucagon

Question 29

Glycoprotein Hormones

Answer 29

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 30

Peptide Hormones

Answer 30

Stored in endocrine cells until needed. Bind to protein receptor on outside of cell. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin (OT) Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Somatostatin (SS) Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GRH) Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)

Question 31

Amino Acid Derivatives Hormones

Answer 31

Derivative of tyrosine. Amines: Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (Epi), & Melatonin Iodinated Amino Acids: Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 32

Eicosanoids

Answer 32

Signaling molecules made by the oxidation of arachidonate acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e. prostaglandins).

Question 33

Prohormones

Answer 33

Inactivated hormones