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Veterinary physiology > Endocrinology I > Flashcards

Endocrinology I Flashcards

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1
Q

define neurohormones

A

released from neuroendocrine cells, diffuse into the blood

e.g. in hypothalamus and adrenal medulla

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2
Q

define paracrine action

A

receiving receptors are located on neigboring cells

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3
Q

define autocrine action

A

the receiving receptors are located on the endocrine cell itself

Common to the digestive system

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4
Q

define „tropic“ hormones

A

tropic meaning ‘stimulating’

hormones that regulate secretion of another
hormone
Don ́t confuse with „trophic“ - nourishing

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5
Q

name 3 hormone mechanisms of action

A

alter permeability of cell membranes
activate or inhibit intracellular enzymes
regulate protein synthesis

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6
Q

Name 4 classes of hormones based on chemical structure

A

Amino acid derivatives
Fatty acid derivatives
Peptide and protein hormones
Steroid hormones

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7
Q

Amino acid derivatives are mainly synthesized from?

A

amino acid thyrosine

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8
Q

give 3 examples of amino acid derivative hormones

A

Thyroid hormones
Catecholamines
Dopamine

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9
Q

fatty acid derivative hormone precursor is?

A

arachidonic acid

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10
Q

Name what class of compound free arachidone acid is converted into

A

eicosanoids

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11
Q

name 3 types of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins,
thromboxans,
leukotrienes

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12
Q

define prohormones

A

inactive peptide hormones

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13
Q

Most peptide and protein hormones signal via what type of receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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14
Q

name 3 sources for steroid hormones

A

gonads
adrenal cortex
placenta

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15
Q

name a ‘steroid-like’ hormone

A

d-vitamin hormone/calcitriol in kidneys

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16
Q

how do steroid hormones travel?

A

bound to plasma proteins such as specific globulins or non-specific albumin

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17
Q

how are hormones metabolized?

A

enzymatic dergadation

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18
Q

name 3 types of hormone interaction

A

permissiveness
synergism
antagonism

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19
Q

define permissiveness

A

first hormone enhances a target cell
responsiveness to another hormone

e.g. thyroxine increases the number of receptors for epinephrine

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20
Q

define hormone synergism

A

combined effect of two or several hormones is greater than the sum of their separate effects

e.g. FSH and testosterone in spermatogenesis

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21
Q

define hormone antagonism

A

one hormone causes the loss of another hormones’ receptors / one trumps the other

e.g. progesterone and estrogen,
progesterone keeps uterine smooth muscles inactive during the pregnancy

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22
Q

describe Primary hyposecretion

A

abnormality within a gland

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23
Q

describe Secondary hyposecretion

A

gland is normal but its tropic hormone is deficient

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24
Q

explain how an auto-immune disorder could be hypersecretion

A

irregular antibodys mimic tropic hormone

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25
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) function
Stimulates release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone - ACTH
26
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) function
Stimulates release of FSH & LH
27
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Stimulates release of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin
28
name 4 Hypothalamic hormones –hypophysiotropic hormones
CRH GHRH GnRH TRH
29
name 3 Hypothalamic hormones
PRL-LH PIH dopamine GHIH
30
another name for somatostatin
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
31
Somatostatin functions
``` Inhibits release of GH TSH insulin glycagon ```
32
hormones of anterior pituitary
``` ACTH GH FSH LH prolactin TSH ```
33
hormones of posterior pituitary
ADH, oxytocin
34
3 Corticosteroid types
mineralocorticoids glycocorticoids androgens
35
Adrenal medulla hormones
catecholamines: | epinephrine, norepinephrine
36
Thyroid gland hormones
T4, T3 and calcitonin
37
parathyroid hormone function
Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream. Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines. Conservation of calcium by the kidneys.
38
Hormones of pancreas
insulin, glucagon
39
2 Male sex hormones
testosterone | dihydrotestosterone
40
3 Female sex hormones
estrogens, progesterone, prostaglandin F2α
41
three major naturally occurring estrogens
estrone (E1) estradiol (E2) estriol (E3)
42
Pineal gland produces
melatonin
43
Kidneys produce what hormones
erythropoietin renin-angiotensin vitamiin-D3-hormone/calcitriol
44
Adipose tissue hormones
leptin | adiponectin
45
Digestive tract
``` cholecystokinin (CCK) gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) gastrin secretin Somatostatin vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ```
46
adiponectin function
helps with insulin sensitivity and inflammation regulates lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity and is anti-inflammatory
47
gastrin function
secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach enhances gastric mucosal growth gastric motility
48
Cholecystokinin (CCK) function
stimulates the release of bile | also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice
49
secretin function
stimulates the secretion of a bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid
50
secretin function
stimulates the secretion of a bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid
51
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) function
stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes relaxation of enteric smooth muscle etc.
52
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) function
inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, | stimulates insulin secretion.
53
Posterior pituitary consists of
nerve fibers, glia cells and blood vessels | the neuronal bodies are actually in the hypothalamus
54
Anterior pituitary contains
endocrine cells, blood vessels, | few nerve fibers
55
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), vasopressin main function
increases water reabsorption in distal tubules and the collecting ducts by regulating the density of aquaporins
56
ADH secretion is controlled via?
regulated by osmolarity-sensitive cells in the hypothalamus, and pressure sensitive cells in the circulatory system (sense volume of fluids) A reduction in blood volume and blood pressure of 5-10% or more induces secretion of ADH.
57
GH growth-stimulating effects are mediated by
insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-1 is synthesized in many tissues, particularly in the liver.
58
another name for growth hormone
Somatotropin
59
a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much growth hormone
Acromegaly
60
define gonadotropins
any of a group of hormones secreted by the pituitary which stimulate the activity of the gonads.
61
3 examples of gonadotropins that affect females
Human and equine chorionic gonadotropin hCG/eCG FSH LH
62
Follicle stimulating hormone, FSH - stimulates
growth of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males
63
Luteinizing hormone, LH - stimulates
ovulation and corpus luteum development in females synthesis of androgens in males
64
PRL effects In birds
contributes to the onset of brooding and changes of metabolism during brooding.
65
PRL regulated by?
hypothalamic hormones PRL-RH and PRL-IH (dopamine)
66
Adrenocorticotropic hormone function
stimulates production of steroid hormones in the | adrenal cortex
67
thyrotropin function
stimulates production of thyroid hormones in thyroid gland
68
Regulation of ACTH and TSH?
via hypothalamic ACTH-releasing hormone (secretion is stimulated in stress situation) and via TSH-releasing hormone (low body temperature stimulates, high thyroid hormone concentration inhibits)
69
Intermediate lobe of pituitary produces?
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
70
most important glucocorticoids are
cortisol and corticosterone
71
Mineralocorticoid function
regulate water, Na, K and Cl balance and blood pressure
72
primary mineralocorticoid is
aldosterone
73
aldosterone function
supports active reabsorption of sodium with associated passive reabsorption of water and active secretion of potassium.
74
the effect of Catecholamines depends on
type of receptors, α and β-receptors
75
where is calcitonin produced
by C-cells located in the connective tissue between thyroid follicles
76
main 3 endocrine cell types of pancreas
alfa-, beta- and delta- cells
77
alfa-cell function
produce glucagon
78
beta- cell function
produce insulin
79
delta- cell function
produce somatostatin, inhibitor hormone (paracrine action).
80
the most important estrogen in the body
17-beta-estradiol
81
calcitriol stimulates
reabsorption of calcium in the intestines etc increases blood calcium levels
82
Renin function
induces cascade of changes resulting in | the secretion of aldosterone in adrenal cortex

Veterinary physiology (10 decks)

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