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endocrinology system Flashcards

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1
Q

How do hormones act as mediators (3)

A
  1. Endocrine, Exocrine and Autocrine
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2
Q

secreted into interstitial fluid, absorbed into the bloodstream, and carried to all cells

A

Endocrine Hormones

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3
Q

These are secreted and act on the same cell

A

Autocrine Hormones

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4
Q

These are secreted into interstitial fluid and act on nearby cells

A

Exocrine Hormones

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5
Q

What is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter

A

Nitric Oxide Gas

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6
Q

These hormones are derived from cholesterol

A

Steroid Hormones

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7
Q

List 3 lipid-soluble hormones

A

Steroid Hormones, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide gas.

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8
Q

Describe the 3 steps of Lipid-hormone action

A
  1. lipid-soluble hormone diffuses into cell, 2. activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression, 3. Newly formed mrna directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes.
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9
Q

These are water-soluble hormones derived from amino acids

A

Amines

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10
Q

These are water-soluble hormones that are polymers of amino acids (2)

A

peptides and proteins

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11
Q

These are water-soluble hormones that are made from a 20-C fatty acid (arachidonic acid)

A

Eicosanoids

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12
Q

Control of hormone secretion is done by what

A

negative or positive feedback systems

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13
Q

In negative feedback systems, elevated levels of product does what with production

A

slow or stop it

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14
Q

Cortisol production is an example of a&raquo_space;> feedback system

A

negative

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15
Q

During childbirth, the hormone oxytocin stimulates contractions, this would be an example of a ……. feedback system

A

postive

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16
Q

What are the five endocrine glands

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal

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17
Q

What controls the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

What portion of the pituitary gland accounts for 3/4 of the gland

A

anterior

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19
Q

what 5 cells are found in the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

A

somatotroph, thyrotroph, gonadotroph, corticotroph, lactotroph

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20
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland (6)

A

hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL and ACTH

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21
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is connected tothe hypothalamus by blood vessels that form the what?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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22
Q

This hormone also called somatotropin, stimulates growth factors

A

Human Growth Hormone

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23
Q

This hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

A

TSH

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24
Q

This hormone initiates development of oocytes and sperm

A

FSH

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25
This hormone stim. secretion of estrogen and prgesterone, ovulation and testosterone
LH
26
This hormone promotes milk production
prolactin
27
This hormone stim. secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) by adrenal glands
ACTH
28
The posterior portion of the pituitary gland does NOT produce hormones but stores them, what are the two it stores
ADH and Oxytocin
29
What does the hormone ADH do
targets kidney to reabsorb water, and causes arterioles to constrict increased BP
30
List 3 actions of the hormone oxytocin
stimulates labor contractions and lactation, sperm transport and uterine contractions, and emotional bonding and sexual satisfaction
31
Abnormal hGH production can cause these 3 conditions
pituitary dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly
32
This is too little hGH production during growth years
pituitary dwarfism
33
This is too much hGH production during growth years
gigantism
34
This is the production of too much hGH during adulthood
acromegaly
35
Large urine output, excessive thirst and potential dehydration are all symptoms of what ailment
diabetes insipidus
36
This is a butterfly-shaped structure that consists of thyroid follicles
thyroid gland
37
Inside a target cell T4 is converted to the active form of what
T3
38
What do thyroid follicles contain
protein rich colloid -thyroglobulin
39
what cells secrete calcitonin
parafollicular C cells
40
what hormone decreases osteoclast activity
calcitonin
41
This thyroid disorder can lead to mental retardation and stunted growth in infants
hypothyroidism
42
This condition is low thyroid hormone secretion in adults produces edema slow heart rate, lethargy, cold sensitivity, weight gain and low body temp
myxedema (hypothyroidism)
43
this is an enlargment of the thyroid gland from iodine deficiency
goiter
44
This is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, sxs are elev matebolic rate and HR, enlarged thyroid, weight loss sweatin and bulging eyes
graves disease
45
define exophthalmos
bulging of the eyes seen in graves disease
46
Parathyroid hormone is secreted by what cells
chief cells
47
when do chief cells secrete PTH
when blood calcium levels are low
48
what effects are seen when PTH is secreted
osteoclast activity increases and osteoblast activity decreases
49
What effects does PTH have on the kidneys
increases rate of calcium reabsorption in the nephron and stimulates kidney to covert a vit D prehormone to it active form (calcitriol)
50
what is Vit D's active form of hormone
calcitriol
51
What are the two portions of the adrenal glands
medulla and cortex
52
What does aldosterone hormone do
regulates electrolyte balance and helps adjust BP and volume
53
androgens released by the adrenal glands have weak or strong function compared to when it's released from the gonads
weak
54
This hormone regulates metabolism, fights stress, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver, has anti-inflammatory effects what is it
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
55
This hormone inhibits leukocyte activity and eicosanoid production
cortisol
56
what hormone provides a quick source of ATP to fight stress
cortisol (glucocorticoids)
57
what hormone is a quick source of ATP and vasoconstriction just in case of blood loss
cortisol (glucocorticoids)
58
What can cause cushings syndrome
hypersecretion of cortisol from adrenal or ptuitary tumors, or long term corticosteroid drug tx
59
list two examples of corticosteroid drugs
prednisone and hydrocortisone
60
What are physical characteristics of cushings syndrome
edema, osteopporosis, dermitisis, fat redistribution (spingly arms and legs) buffalo hump, moon face and truncal obesity
61
This disease is caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone, usually from an autoimmune disorder
Addisons disease
62
Physiologic effects of Addisons Dz include
hypoglycemia, low electrolytes, low BP, arrhythmias, hyperpigmentation, dehydration and muscle weakness
63
What do Delta cells secrete
somatostatin
64
what is the function of somatostatin hormone
inhibits hGH, A and B cells
65
what do F cells secrete
pancreatic polypeptide
66
what does pancreatic polypeptide effect
digestion
67
what is the conversion of glucose into glycogen called
glycogenesis
68
what causes diabetes mellitus
hyposecretion or inaction of insulin
69
3 poly's of DM
polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyruia
70
when someone is thought to have DM, what do blood and urine tests show
hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria
71
pathology of DM includes what prob throughout the body
cardiovascular dz, poor circulation, vision prob and renal failure.
72
This is a disorder that destroys beta cells
type I diabetes
73
Define DM type II
insulin resistance, target cells have fewer receptors and dont respond to insulin in the blood
74
What other gland has endocrine and exocrine function other than the pancreas
ovaries and testes
75
What two hormones do the Thymus gland secrete
Thymosin and thymopoietin
76
What hormone is produced from all cells except RBC's
Eicosanoids
77
What are the important functions of eicosanoid hormones
mediates allergic and inflammatory reaction and activates blood clostting and vasoconstriction
78
This refers to the sequence of events that happen as we deal with extreme, unusual or long lasting stress
GAS-general adaptation syndrome or stress response
79
What are the 3 steps of GAS
alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion
80
This step in the GAS events include hypothalamic responses which result in a cascade of effects
resistance
81
This event in the GAS includes depletion of fat reserves, muscle protein breakdown for energy, suppression of the immune system, hormonal imbalances leading to nervous and muscle dysfunctions
Exhaustion
82
explain the ALARM reaction of events in the GAS
increased sympathetic stimulation, fat and liver cells are stimulated to release more glucose to the blood
83
What are the 3 successive stages of the stress response or GAS
alarm, resistance and exhaustion

A&P Lecture notecards (3 decks)

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