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Equine michaelmas 23 > Endoparasitism > Flashcards

Endoparasitism Flashcards

1
Q

Equine endoparasites

A

Cyathostomins
Parascaris
Tapewrom
Large strongyles
Strongyloides
Gasterophilus

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2
Q

Features of Cyathostomins

A

Small redworms
Ubiquitous
Minimal clinical effects in most horses - but occasionally large burdens can be fatal

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3
Q

Lifecycle of Cyathostomins

A

Eggs in faeces onto pasture

Mature into larvae under suitable climate

Infective L3s consumed

Larvae mature in fibrinous cysts in the horses large intestine and caecum

Young adults emerge from cysts and produce eggs into lumen of intestines

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4
Q

Larval syathostomosis

A

Young horse disease

Severe inflammation of the LI and caecum

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5
Q

Clinical signs of cyathostomosis

A

Ill-thrift, very thin, dullness, inappetance, often develop diarrhoea

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6
Q

Pathogenesis of cyathostominosis

A

Larvae emerging induces inflammation

Leakage of fluid and protein causes hypoalbuminaemia

Lack of normal intestinal functions: weight loss, diaarhoea, lethargy

If chronic can cause anaemia

Intestinal dysbiosis can lead to shedding salmonella

Low colloidal oncotic pressure -> dependent oedema

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7
Q

Diagnosis of cyathostominosis

A

Process of elimination of other causes (faecal analysis etc.)

Presence of red worm in diarrhoea

Hypoalbuminaemia

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8
Q

Treatment of cysthostominosis

A

Replacement of albumin losses with plasma transfusion

Treat intestinal inflammation with steroid medication (dexamethasone)

Eradication of redworm with larvicidal dewormer
- Fenbendazole at day 5 or Moxidectin

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9
Q

Epidemiology of cyathostominosis

A

Pasture factors: larger burden on apsture by end of summer/autumn

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10
Q

Prevention of cyathostominosis

A

No good way as interval worming (preventative) accelerates resistance

Test before treat
Define low, medium, or high shedders
Target the few horses that are contaminating the pasture

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11
Q

Resistance detection of cyathostominosis

A

Faecal egg count reduction test detects resistant

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12
Q

Features of parascaris

A

Young horse problem

Worldwide resistance to dewormer drugs and elimination of eggs from the pasture is difficult (thick walled eggs)

Most common pahtogenic parasite in foals

Strong protective immunity after first year of life

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13
Q

Lifecycle of parascaris

A

PPP = 75-90 days

Eggs pass out in faeces onto pasture

Horses consume thick-walled eggs whilst grazing

Eggs hatch and larvae migrate from the intestine- lymphatics - liver (1-2 weeks)

Circulation to pulmonary vsacular bed - L3s penetrate the alveolar capillaries, travel up to the brochi to the trachea

Larvae coughed up and swallowed back into SI for fial L$-L5 adult worm moults

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14
Q

Clinical signs of parascaris

A

Non-specific signs or vague syndromes
- diarrhoea, constipation, colic, lethargy, rough coat, pot-bellied, weight loss, poor growth
- grey/white nasal discharge

Ascarid impactions
- 4-8mo
- risk factor recent dewormer with drug targeting NM funciton (colic 24-48hrs later)
- paralysis of worms en masse
- moderate to severe colic + reflux + fluid (and worm) distended SI

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15
Q

Diagnosis of parascaris

A

Faecal egg count to identify its present - not linear with worm burden

Transabdominal U/S to grade burden

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16
Q

Control of parascaris

A

Elimination of burden in non-wormed herds

Detect high burdens for treatment - strategic treatment

Focus on non-pharmaceutical controls - pasture hygiene , low stocking density

17
Q

Parascaris spp. resistance

A

High prevalence of ML resistance, lowest resistance shown in fenbendazole

18
Q

Features of tapeworm

A

Require an intermediate host

Species of oribatid mites, ubiquitous in forage

19
Q

3 species of tapeworm in horses

A

Anoplocephala perfoliata - most common, found at ileocaecal valve

A. magna - SI

Anoplocephaloides - SI

20
Q

Clinical disease of tapeworm

A

Inflammation, necrosis, hyperaemia

Thickening or area around ileocaecal valve

Increased risk of intussusception, ileal impaction, and ileal and caecal rupture

21
Q

Diagnosis of tapeworm burden

A

ELISA - shows exposure not infection

Post-treatment (24hr) faecal analysis

22
Q

Prevention of tapeworm-related disease

A

Properly timed single tapeworm dewormer once a year

Tapeworm ELISA negative might suggest when no treatment required

23
Q

3 species of large strongyles

A

Strongylus vulgaris
Strongylus edentatus
Strongylus equinus

24
Q

Features of large strongyles

A

Mandatory parenteral migration in larval stages

Pasture associated - eat L3

S. vulgaris migrates along arteries and congregate at root of mesentery

25
Q

Pathogenesis of large strongyles

A

Invasion of the vessels

causes thromboembolic infarction and/or aneurysm

Colic from thrombus blocking blood supply to GI tract

Ischaemic causes moderate to severe colic pain

Unthriftiness

26
Q

Diagnosis of large strongyles

A

Acute pressentation for moderate to severe colic

Serosanguinous peritoneal tap and distended SI

Very painful strongulating lesions of SI

27
Q

Features of strongyloides westeri

A

First one to affect foals

Standard faecal oral transmission

Except an unusual somatic migration and arrested develolpment

28
Q

Lifecycle of Strongyloides westeri

A

Prepatent period from 5 days of age in suckling foals

horses eat eggs from the pasture

in adult horses L3s have somatic migration

Lactating mare hormones reactivate L3s and migrate to mammary gland - appear 4 days minimum

Neonatal foal suckles milk containing L3 which mature in the SI

29
Q

Clinical signs of Strongyloides westeri

A

Generalised ill thrift and low grade diarrhoea

Very rare to be fatal

Sometimes confused with ‘foal-heat’ diarrhoea

Foal skin frenzy - sometimes larvae infect skin from heavily infested bedding

30
Q

Diagnosis of Strongyloides westeri

A

Readily distinguished from other endoparasite eggs upon faecal flotation

May see larvae in eggs

31
Q

Treatment of Strongyloides westeri

A

only advise treatment when clinical signs

IVM, MOXI, FBZ

Rote treatment of all brood mares, or aymptomatic foals <1 month is not recommended

32
Q

Features of gasterophilus (bots)

A

Arthropod = fly with a larval stage in the horse - bots

Bot infections are seasonal

The larval stage called instars sit in the horse host from late autumn until the subsequent spring

Cause no health problems to horses of any age

Equine michaelmas 23 (17 decks)

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