Endotoxemia Flashcards
(37 cards)
What types of infections or procedures are commonly expected to cause clinically significant bacteremia in dogs?
Peritonitis, pyometra, and dentistry
How are normally circulating bacteria cleared from the body in dogs?
By the mononuclear-phagocyte system
What are the clinical signs considered as the typical hallmarks of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in dogs?
Tachycardia, tachypnea, and fever
Which component of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) is responsible for its toxic effects?
Lipid A moiety
Endotoxin in dogs typically originates from which group of bacteria?
Gram-negative bacteria, often from the Enterobacteriaceae family
When a dog progresses towards severe sepsis or septic shock, which organ system commonly develops associated clinical signs, making it the canine shock organ system?
Gastrointestinal tract
What is characteristic of the initial cardiovascular response in dogs experiencing endotoxemia?
Hyperdynamic state with brick-red mucous membranes and bounding pulses
Which of the following hematologic findings is consistent with Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) or endotoxemia in dogs?
A. Severe erythrocytosis
B. Leukocytosis with left shift or leukopenia
C. Persistent eosinophilia
D. Markedly increased platelet count
Leukocytosis with left shift or leukopenia
Which of these conditions is explicitly listed as a risk factor for naturally occurring endotoxemia in dogs?
A. Chronic osteoarthritis
B. Hypothyroidism
C. Allergic dermatitis
D. Canine parvoviral (CPV) enteritis
Canine parvoviral (CPV) enteritis
Besides infection, which of the following can also initiate Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) in dogs?
A. Demodectic mange
B. Hypoadrenocorticism
C. Chronic arthritis
D. Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis
Under normal conditions, how is most endotoxin contained within the intestinal lumen of dogs, preventing systemic absorption?
By binding with bile salts and containment by the mucosal barrier
Once in the blood, what specific carrier lipoprotein binds endotoxin in dogs, forming a complex that interacts with monocytes and macrophages?
Lipopolysaccharide binding (LPB) protein
In dogs exposed to LPS, how quickly do TNF-α levels typically increase and peak?
Increase within 15 minutes, peak at 2 hours
What type of mediators are now being described as potentially more appropriate therapeutic targets for SIRS, compared to early mediators?
Late mediators such as high-mobility group 1 protein
Severe acute immunosuppression following a hyperinflammatory state in sepsis patients is caused by the apoptosis of which cell types?
B cells, CD4 T cells, and follicular dendritic cells
Beyond CPV enteritis, which other canine-specific condition is mentioned as a risk factor for endotoxemia related to mechanical issues or severe infection?
A. Gastric dilation or volvulus
B. Sebaceous adenitis
C. Otitis externa
D. Luxating patella
Gastric dilation or volvulus
Endotoxemia can develop in dogs when hepatic clearance of LPS is reduced, such as in which specific conditions?
Hepatic insufficiency and portosystemic shunts
Endotoxemia is recognized as a cause of death in which young canine population?
Neonatal puppies
After the initial hyperdynamic response, what are some characteristic signs of the hypodynamic phase in dogs with endotoxic shock?
Cold extremities, pale mucous membranes, and weak pulse
What early metabolic finding is often present in dogs with poor perfusion due to SIRS/endotoxemia?
Lactic acidosis
What specific gross or histopathologic findings are considered diagnostic for endotoxemia in dogs?
No specific findings have been found to be diagnostic.
Endotoxemia is primarily characterized by the systemic presence of which bacterial product?
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
What critical systemic inflammatory response syndrome can be triggered by an overwhelming or dysregulated response to LPS?
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
If SIRS progresses unchecked, it can ultimately lead to _____
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)
