Endterm: Theories of Erikson and Kohlberg Flashcards

1
Q

Erikson considered () as resulting from the interaction between internal drives and cultural demands. This theory is about psychosocial stages.

according to Erikson is a continuous process encompassing the entire life span.

A

Development

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2
Q

Hope: trust in primary caregiver and in one’s own ability to make things happen

A

Birth to 1 Trust vs. Mistrust

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3
Q

Will: new physical skills lead to demand for more choices, most often seen as saying “no” to caregivers; child learns self-care skills such as toileting

A

1 to 3
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt

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4
Q

Purpose: ability to organize activities around some goals; more assertiveness and aggressiveness (Oedipus or electra conflict with parent of same sex may lead to guilt)

A

3-6 Initiative vs Guilt

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5
Q

Competence: cultural skills and norms, including school skills and tools use (failure to master these lead to sense of inferiority)

A

6-12 Industry vs Inferiority

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6
Q

Fidelity: adaptation of sense of self to pubertal changes, consideration of future choices achievement of a more mature sexual identity, and search for new values

A

12-18 Identity vs. Role Confusion

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7
Q

Love: person develops intimate relationships beyond adolescent love; many become parents

A

18-30 Intimacy Isolation

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8
Q

Care: people rear children, focus on occupational achievement or creativity and train the next generation; turn outward from the self toward others

A

30 to old age Generativity vs. Stagnation

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9
Q

Wisdom: person conducts a life review, integrates earlier stages and comes to terms with basic identity, develops self-acceptance

A

Old Age Integrity Despair

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10
Q

To avoid punishment, the child defers to prestigious or powerful people, usually the parents. The morality of an act is defined by its physical consequence.

A

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment Orientation

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11
Q

The child conforms to gain rewards.
The child understands reciprocity and sharing, but this reciprocity is manipulative and self-serving rather than based on a true sense of justice, generosity, sympathy or compassion. It is a kind of bartering: “I will allow you to use my Android phone if you will answer my assignment.”

A

Stage 2 - Instrumental Exchange
Orientation

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12
Q

The child’s good behavior is designed to maintain approval and good relations with others. Although the child is still basing judgments of right and wrong on others, one is still concerned with their approval and disapproval rather than their physical power. It is to maintain good will that one conforms to families and friends’ standards. However, the child is starting to accept others’ social regulations and to judge the goodness or badness of behavior in terms of a person’s intent to violate these rules.

A

Stage 3 - Good Boy/Nice Girl
Orientation

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13
Q

The person blindly accepts social conventions and rules, should be maintained to avoid disapproval. The individual now conforms not just to other individual’s standards but to the social order. The person judged behavior as good according to whether it conforms to a rigid set of rules.

A

Stage 4 - Authority and Social Order
Orientation

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14
Q

People now have flexibility of moral beliefs they lacked in earlier stages. Morality is based on an agreement among individuals to conform to norms that appear necessary to maintain the social order and the rights of others.

A

Stage 5 - Social Contract Orientation

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15
Q

People conform both to social standards and to internalized ideals. Their intent is to avoid self-condemnation rather than criticism by others. People base their decisions on abstract principles involving justice, compassion and equality. This is a morality based on respect for others. People who have attained this level of development will have highly individualistic moral beliefs that many times in conflict with rules accepted by the majority in the society.

A

Stage 6 - Universal Ethical Principles
Orientation

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16
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg opines that the child’s cognitive capabilities determine the growth of his moral reasoning. Further, moral development builds on concepts acquired in various stages, such that the attainment in each stage becomes a product of the previous stages.

A

Lawrence Kohlberg Cognitive Theory of Moral Reasoning

17
Q

Erikson considered development as resulting from the interaction between internal drives and cultural demands. This theory is about psychosocial stages.
• Development according to Erikson is a continuous process encompassing the entire life span.

A

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development