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ENE 280 > ENE quiz 9 > Flashcards

ENE quiz 9 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA)

A

goal is to regulate hazardous waste from cradle to grave, applies to waste disposed after 11/9/1980

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2
Q

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

A

made up of SWDA, HSWA, and RCRA, regulates 2 categories of solid waste

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3
Q

Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA)

A

created in 1984

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4
Q

Subtitle C

A

defines and regulates hazardous waste

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5
Q

Subtitle D

A

addresses non-hazardous waste

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6
Q

Waste management Hierarchy

A

Source reduction & reuse, recycling/composting, energy recovery, treatment and disposal

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7
Q

Source reduction and reuse

A

waste prevention, environmentally preferred strategy, implemented by reusing/donating, buying in bulk, reducing packaging, etc

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8
Q

Recycling and composting

A

collecting waste, sorting then recycling back to raw material, remanufacturing into new products

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9
Q

energy recovery

A

converting non-recyclable materials into useable heat, electricity or fuel, through combustion, gasification, landfill gas recovery (LFG)

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10
Q

treatment and disposal

A

reduce volume and toxicity of waste, treatments can be physical, chemical, and biological, landfills are the most common form

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11
Q

materials recovery facilities

A

screens, magnetic separators, air classifiers, shredders, glass crushers

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12
Q

when recycling hits the curb

A

collection and processing, manufacturing, purchasing

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13
Q

manufacturing

A

cleaned recycling is remanufactured into newspapers, aluminum and steel cans, plastic conatiners, glass bottles, made with partial or total recycled contents

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14
Q

closed loop (primary recycling)

A

making similar products from recycled materials

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15
Q

secondary recycling

A

making new products with different characteristics from the original

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16
Q

tertiary recycling

A

recovery of chemical or energy from waste materials

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17
Q

methods of composting

A

backyard/onsite composting, vermicomposting, aerated (turned) windrow composting, in vessel

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18
Q

feedstock and nutrient balance

A

constant balance of green organic materials and brown matter

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19
Q

green organic materials

A

contain lots of nitrogen, glass clippings, food scraps, manure

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20
Q

brown matter

A

contains lots of carbon, little nitrogen, dry leaves, wood chips, branches

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21
Q

particle size

A

shredded material means more surface area, improve pile insulation which helps maintain temp, if particles are 2 small there’s not enough air flow

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22
Q

moisture content

A

microorganisms need moisture to survive, water helps transport substances through compost pile

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23
Q

oxygen flow

A

adding woodchips help aerate the pile, more air flow means more decomposition, too much oxygen dries the pile

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24
Q

temperature

A

microorganisms need certain temp, microbial activity can raise temp up to 140, if other factors are controlled then temp is maintained

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25
sanitary landfills
land disposal site to minimize environmental hazards, before 1979 MSW was disposed into dumps
26
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
household waste
27
MSW landfills
recieve household waste and non-hazardous sludge, industrial solid waste, construction and demolition debris (subtitle D)
28
environmental impacts of landfills
effects of surrounding areas, leachate generation, gas emissions
29
effects of surrounding areas
fugitive materials, odor, noise, traffic
30
leachate generation
high BOD, COD, nitrogen, salt
31
gas emissions
greenhouse gases, methane and co2, volatile organic compounds, VOC
32
landfill design and construction
site selection, permit process, engineering design
33
bottom barrier
protect groundwater from leachate, use low permeability material, reduce hydraulic gradient
34
low permeability material
clay, geosynthetic clay layer (GCL), geomembrane
35
basic landfill operation
daily waste compacted into cells, covered in thin layer of soil at the end of the day
36
filling operation
spreading waste on the working face, compacting to increase density, daily soil cover
37
decomposition in landfills
aerobic phase, acid phase, methanogenesis
38
acid phase
anaerobic degradation of complex organics, the conversion to simple acids
39
methanogenesis
methanogens convert organic acids to methane and carbon dioxide
40
land fill gas (LFG)
methane 40-60%, co2 40-60%, moisture content, high heating value, other contents, generation rate
41
generation rate
70 m^3/1000 kg MSW
42
gas emission control
gas collection wells, gas disposal
43
gas collection wells
vertical or horizontal, passive venting-natural pressure gradient
44
gas disposal
flare to burn off (LFG), use for energy generation
45
bioreactor landfills
MSWLFLS designed to transform and degrade organic waste
46
types of bioreactor landfills
aerobic, anaerobic, hyrbrid
47
aerobic
leachate is removed from bottom layer, piped into liquid storage tanks, re-circulated back into landfill
48
anaerobic
moisture is added into waste, biodegradation occurs in absence of oxygen, LFG, methane can be captured
49
MSW incinerators
burning MSW can generate energy while reducing amount of waste up to 90% in volume, 75% in waste
50
types of incinerators
conventional (mass-fired), refuse-derived fuel facilities, modular incinerators, fluidized-bed incinerators
51
conventional incineration
little pretreatment to remove large objects
52
refuse-derived fuel facilities (RDF)
non-combustible portion removed, metals can be recovered, combustible portion can be sold as fuel
53
modular incinerators
2 combustion chambers, waste combusted in1, gasses created are burned in chamber 2
54
fluidized-bed incinerators
sand heated to 1500, glass and metals have to be removed, high efficiency and low gas emissions
55
characteristics of hazardous waste
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity
56
F-list
identifies waste from common manufacturing that have been used to clean and degrease
57
K-list
certain waste from specific industries
58
P&U- list
take discarded commercial chemical products in un-used form
59
CERCLA
deals with waste from before 1980, nicknamed "superfund", corrects past mistakes
60
TSCA
regulates individual chemicals, regulates waste streams that may have chemicals
61
treatment
process that changes physical, chemical, or biological character of waste, neutralize waste, recover energy, render waste less hazardous
62
Air pollution standards
notional ambient air quality standard (NAAQS), promulgated under 1970s clean air act (CAA)
63
attainment area
geographic area that meets or exceeds primary standard
64
non-attainment area
geographic area that does not meet primary standards
65
common air pollutants
carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, particular matter (dust, smoke,soot)
66
air pollution controls
stationary sources and motor vehicles
67
stationary sources
cyclones, filtration, electrostatic precipitators, liquid scrubber, flue gas desulfurization, absorption, combustion
68
motor vehicles
cleaner gasoline, exhaust system controls, improved engines, alternative fuels
69
cyclones
centrifugal forces cause particles to collide with outer wall and slide down, removal efficiency 90% for particles larger than 5, relatively expensive
70
filtration
deep bed filters used for clean glass and low volume, baghouse for dirty industrial gas with large volumes
71
electrostatic precipitators
electric field ionizes particles, efficiently greater then 98% including submicron particles
72
liquid scrubber
used for matter that is wet, corrosive or hot, particle pollutant is removed by injecting water into gas stream
73
flue gas desulfurization (FGD)
limestone slurry is sprayed onto the flue gas, SO2 is absorbed by the slurry, produces calcium sulfate or sulfite, which is removed as sludge
74
absorption
transfer pollutant from gas to liquid phase, depends on solubility of pollutant
75
combustion
used when the contaminant in the gas stream is oxidizable
76
sources of indoor air pollution
mix of aerosol particles, mainstream smoke, side stream smoke, secondhand smoke
77
asbestos
mineral fiber, can be found in roofing, paint, pipie insulation, breathing high levels can lead to cancer risk
78
air quality depends on
wind, sunlight, temp, precipitation, humidity, circulation, mixing
79
mixing
produced by wind and turbulence, lapse rates
80
lapse rates
change in temp with altitude
81
stable air
discourage dispersion and dilution of pollutants
82
unstable air
vertical mixing of air resulting in pollutant dispersal
83
ambient lapse
actual change in temperature with altitude
84
dry adiabatic lapse rate
change in temperature of a parcel of air experiences if moved up or down
85
unstable conditions
rapid vertical mixing, temp falls faster then gamma
86
stable condition
Air at certain altitude remains there, temp falls slower then gamma
87
neutral conditions
air at certain altitude remains there
88
temperature inversions
extreme case for stability, lapse rate is positive, temp increases with altitude, prevent upward mixing

ENE 280 (10 decks)

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