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Anatomy + Energetics > Energetics > Flashcards

Energetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is dephosphorylation?

A

The removal of a phosphate group from an organic compound through hydrolysis.

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2
Q

What is deamination?

A

The removal of an amino group from a molecule.

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3
Q

What is Starch?

A

A polysaccharide.

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4
Q

Simple carbohydrate formula?

A

C H2 O.

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5
Q

Where does beta oxidation take place?

A

In the Mitochondria.

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6
Q

Beta Oxidation is…

A

a catabolic process where molecules are broken down in the cytosol to generate acetyl-CoA,

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7
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates.

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8
Q

What enzyme facilitates hydrolysis?

A

ATPase.

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9
Q

What does ATPase do?

A

breaks down ATP into ADP and free phosphate ion, releasing energy.

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10
Q

How is glucose stored in muscle?

A

Insulin.

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11
Q

What is Insulin?

A

a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets.

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12
Q

How is glucose transported in a cell?

A

through facilitated diffusion.

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13
Q

Facilitated diffusion is…

A

the passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein.

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14
Q

What is it called when a electron is gained…

A

Reduction.

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15
Q

What is reduction?

A

the loss of oxygen atom from a molecule or the gaining of one or more electrons.

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16
Q

The optimal temperature for enzymes is?

A

37.5/40 Degrees C. (around temp of human).

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17
Q

A cell boundary is made up of…

A

plasma membrane.

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18
Q

Cell membrane is…

A

selectively permeable, permeable to specific molecules that a cell needs.

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19
Q

Molecules that defuse through the lipid bilayer…

A

02 + CO2.

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20
Q

What is the lipid bilayer?

A

a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules, continues barriers around all cells.

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21
Q

Name for when a lipid soluble molecule passes through cell membrane…

A

Diffusion.

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22
Q

ATP produced in complete aerobic oxidation (respiration)…

A

36atp.

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23
Q

Glycogenolysis is…

A

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose phosphate and glycogen

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24
Q

Acidosis is…

A

a process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues (i.e., an increased hydrogen ion concentration).

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25
Q

What is the kerb cycle? (citric acid cycle)

A

is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

26
Q

Electron transport takes place in…

A

the inner membrane layer of the mitochondria.

27
Q

Role of ATP?

A

major energy currency of the a cell, used as the main energy source for metabolic functions.

28
Q

The cori cycle is? (aka Lactic acid cycle)

A

lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized back to lactate.

29
Q

Glycolysis takes place in the

A

cytoplasm.

30
Q

Cytoplasm is…

A

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.

31
Q

Hydrolysis is…

A

the separation of water molecules into the constituent hydrogen and oxygen atoms with electricity.

32
Q

What is the RER value when carbohydrates are predominantly used?

A

1.00 or above.

33
Q

What is the RER value when fats are predominantly used?

A

0.70.

34
Q

What is the RER value when fats and carbs mix for energy?

A

0.85.

35
Q

Organelle responsible for dealing with foreign bodies ?

A

lysosome or peroxisome.

36
Q

What name is given to a substance made up of only one type of atom?

A

element.

37
Q

The combination of atoms that form the smallest particle of a substance that can take place in a chemical reaction…

A

molecule.

38
Q

Bond where electrons are shared

A

covalent.

39
Q

Amount of free energy released in ATP hydrolysis…

A

31 kj/mole.

40
Q

Bond where electrons are donated…

A

ionic bond.

41
Q

What is an ion?

A

a charged atom.

42
Q

What does oxides mean?

A

lose electrons, lose hydrogen, gain oxygen.

43
Q

SI unit stands for…

A

standard international/system international.

44
Q

RMR stands for…

A

resting metabolic rate.

45
Q

BMR stands for…

A

basal metabolic rate.

46
Q

TEF stands for…

A

thermic effect of food.

47
Q

DIT stands for…

A

diet induced thermogenesis.

48
Q

TEA stands for…

A

thermic effect of activity.

49
Q

PAL stands for…

A

physical activity level.

50
Q

RER stands for…

A

respiratory exchange ratio.

51
Q

Factors that influence BMR/RMR?

A

age, sex and body size.

52
Q

‘Gold Standard’ method used to estimate free-living energy expenditure?

A

Doubly labeled water.

53
Q

What is the most variable contributor to total daily energy expenditure?

A

thermic effect of activity.

54
Q

The primary functions of polysaccharides are?

A

storage, structure and energy.

55
Q

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6.

56
Q

Sucrose is a disaccharide consisting of?

A

glucose and fructose.

57
Q

Compounds with carbohydrates along with fatty acids are called…

A

glycolipids.

58
Q

Lipids are important constituents of…

A

biological membranes.

59
Q

Which of the following is not a derivative of cholesterol?

Steroid hormones
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Bile salts

A

vitamin E.

60
Q

Amino acids are multifunctional compounds that contain

Carboxyl and amine groups
Aldehyde and amide groups
Ester and amine groups
Carboxyl and amide groups

A

carboxyl and amine groups

61
Q

Amino acids are named based on the identity of their:

Alpha carbon
Hydroxyl group
Side chain
Carboxyl group

A

side chain.

62
Q

The forces that hold the subunits together in a quaternary structure are _________________________ those involved in tertiary structures

The same as
Greater than
Less than
The opposite of

A

the same as.

Anatomy + Energetics (11 decks)

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