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Energy Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

What are fossil fuels formed from?

A

The organic remains of plants and animals

Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas.

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2
Q

How do plants originally get their energy?

A

From the Sun in photosynthesis

This process is crucial for the growth of plants.

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3
Q

What happens to plant and animal remains after they are covered by sediment?

A

They undergo intense heat and pressure, changing into coal, oil, and gas

This transformation is part of the fossil fuel formation process.

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4
Q

What type of environment contributes to the formation of coal?

A

Swampy conditions

Coal is primarily formed from dead plants in these environments.

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5
Q

What are crude oil and natural gas formed from?

A

The remains of small microscopic marine creatures and plants

These organisms contribute significantly to the formation of these fossil fuels.

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6
Q

What percentage of electricity was produced from fossil fuels in the past couple of years?

A

Electricity produced from fossil fuels has dropped from 75% to around 50%.

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7
Q

How is electricity generated from fossil fuels?

A

Fossil fuels are burnt to generate electricity in power stations.

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8
Q

What happens to water in a boiler when fossil fuels are burnt?

A

Water gains energy and changes state from liquid water to water vapour.

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9
Q

What does water vapour do in the electricity generation process?

A

Water vapour turns a turbine.

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10
Q

What does the turbine do in the electricity generation process?

A

The turbine turns a generator that generates electricity.

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11
Q

How is electricity distributed after it is generated?

A

Electricity is then carried over the national grid to homes, schools and businesses.

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12
Q

What do burning fossil fuels produce?

A

Burning fossil fuels produce carbon dioxide.

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13
Q

What is the chemical reaction for burning fossil fuels?

A

Fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.

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14
Q

What do fossil fuels contain that reacts with oxygen?

A

Fossil fuels contain carbon.

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15
Q

What gas is formed when carbon reacts with oxygen?

A

Carbon dioxide is formed.

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16
Q

What type of gas is carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

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17
Q

What do greenhouse gases contribute to?

A

Greenhouse gases contribute to climate change.

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18
Q

What does sulfur inside coal react with?

A

Sulfur inside coal reacts with oxygen.

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19
Q

What gas is formed from sulfur reacting with oxygen?

A

Sulfur dioxide is formed.

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20
Q

What is the cause of acid rain?

A

Sulfur dioxide is the cause of acid rain.

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21
Q

What are physical changes?

A

Physical changes rearrange particles or alter their energy levels but do not form new substances.

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22
Q

What happens to the total mass during physical changes?

A

The total mass stays constant when changing between states of matter.

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23
Q

What are examples of physical changes?

A

Examples include changes of state (solid, liquid, gas), dissolving, and breaking objects.

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24
Q

What are changes of state?

A

Changes of state are physical changes.

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25
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
26
What is sublimation?
Sublimation is the transition of matter directly from solid to gas without entering the liquid phase.
27
What is melting?
Melting is the transition from solid to liquid.
28
What is freezing?
Freezing is the transition from liquid to solid.
29
What is boiling?
Boiling is the transition from liquid to gas.
30
What is condensing?
Condensing is the transition from gas to liquid.
31
Do changes of state alter the chemical composition of a substance?
No, changes of state occur without altering the chemical composition of the substance.
32
What happens when a solid dissolves?
Its particles mix with a liquid solvent.
33
What happens to the total mass when a solid dissolves?
The total mass remains constant as no new substances are made.
34
Can dissolving be reversed?
Yes, dissolving can be reversed by evaporating the solvent.
35
What are the properties of solids?
Solids have tightly-packed particles, making them incompressible and unable to flow.
36
What are the properties of liquids and gases?
Liquids and gases have free-moving particles, allowing them to flow and change shape.
37
What is the property of gases regarding particle spacing?
Gases have large spaces between the particles making them easy to compress.
38
What is unusual about the density of ice compared to liquid water?
Ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float. ## Footnote Water = more dense.
39
How does density change during state changes for most substances?
In most substances, density decreases during state change from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a gas.
40
What is the gravitational potential energy store?
Objects raised above ground level.
41
What is the kinetic energy store?
Moving objects.
42
What is the elastic potential energy store?
Stretched or compressed objects.
43
What is the chemical energy store?
Food, fuel, batteries.
44
What is the magnetic energy store?
Magnets.
45
What is the electrostatic energy store?
Electric charges.
46
What is the thermal energy store?
Objects when they release heat.
47
What happens to energy when something happens to an object?
Energy is transferred from one store to another.
48
What are the four main ways energy can be transferred?
1. Mechanically - through forces causing movement. 2. By heating - from hotter to colder objects. 3. Electrically - charges moving in a circuit. 4. By radiating - waves carrying energy.
49
How is energy transferred mechanically?
Through forces causing movement.
50
How is energy transferred by heating?
From hotter to colder objects.
51
How is energy transferred electrically?
Charges moving in a circuit.
52
How is energy transferred by radiating?
Waves carrying energy.
53
What are the different forms of energy?
Energy comes in different forms and can be stored in objects and systems, such as in fuel, food, or batteries.
54
What happens when energy is transferred from its store?
When energy is transferred from its store, work is done.
55
What is an example of energy storage and transfer?
An archer's bow stores elastic potential energy. When released, this is transferred mechanically to the kinetic store of the arrow.
56
What are energy transfers linked to?
Energy transfers are linked to forces and distances.
57
What happens when a force makes an object move?
Energy is transferred.
58
What factors determine the amount of energy transferred?
The amount transferred depends on the force applied in newtons (N) and the distance moved in metres (m).
59
What is the equation that describes the relationship between force, distance moved, and energy transferred?
Energy transferred (J) = Force (N) × Distance moved (m).
60
Can a large force moving a small distance transfer the same energy as a smaller force over a larger distance?
Yes, a large force moving something a small distance can transfer the same amount of energy as a smaller force acting over a further distance.
61
What is the first step to calculate energy transferred?
State the force in newtons (N)
62
What is the second step to calculate energy transferred?
State the distance moved in metres (m)
63
What is the equation for calculating energy transferred?
Energy transferred (J) = Force (N) × Distance moved (m)
64
What is energy transfer by heating?
Energy can be transferred between objects by heating.
65
What happens when there is a temperature difference between two objects?
Energy will be transferred from the hotter object to the cooler object.
66
What is thermal equilibrium?
The point at which two objects reach the same temperature.
67
What are the two main ways energy can be transferred by heating?
1. Conduction 2. Radiation
68
What is conduction?
Conduction is the transfer of heat energy by direct contact between particles.
69
What happens to particles in a hot object during conduction?
Particles in a hot object start vibrating more as they gain kinetic energy.
70
How do vibrating particles transfer energy?
Vibrating particles pass energy to neighboring particles by direct contact.
71
What is required for conduction to occur?
Objects must be touching for conduction to occur.
72
What direction does energy transfer in conduction?
Energy transfers from the hotter object to the colder object.
73
What is the result of conduction between hot and cold objects?
The hot object cools down while the cold object heats up.
74
What is radiation?
Radiation involves the emission of invisible waves that transfer energy.
75
Do objects need to touch for radiation to occur?
No, radiation does not rely on particle contact.
76
What happens to a hot object in terms of energy?
The hot object radiates more energy than it absorbs, causing it to cool down.
77
What happens to a cool object when it absorbs radiation?
The cool object absorbs radiation from the hot object, causing it to heat up.
78
What are materials that easily transfer energy called?
These materials are called conductors.
79
What are materials that do not transfer energy well called?
These materials are called insulators.
80
What effect does wrapping an object in an insulator have?
It slows down energy transfer.
81
How do insulators affect temperature?
Insulators help keep hot things hot and cold things cold.
82
What is the principle of conservation of energy regarding usefulness?
Energy is only useful when it is transferred between stores.
83
What happens when there is no transfer of energy?
Energy is not useful.
84
What is an example of energy transfer in machines?
Useful machines rely on transferring energy from one store, such as chemical energy in fuel, to power the machine.
85
What is required for devices like lamps and engines to work?
There must be an energy transfer taking place.
86
What happens during energy transfers?
Some energy always gets wasted, usually as heat.
87
What does the total energy output equal?
The total energy output will equal the total energy input.
88
What typically happens to energy during transfers?
Not all of it ends up being put to useful work; the rest warms up the surroundings.
89
What do energy transfer diagrams represent?
Energy transfer diagrams represent the transfer of energy between different stores.
90
What do the boxes in energy transfer diagrams show?
The boxes show the energy stores.
91
What do the arrows in energy transfer diagrams indicate?
The arrows indicate the direction of energy transfer.
92
What can be included in energy transfer diagrams to show amounts transferring?
Energy values can be included to show amounts transferring.
93
How do energy transfer diagrams help us?
They help visualize how energy moves between different places and forms.
94
What is the principle of conservation of energy?
It is one of the most important principles in physics stating that energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
95
What does the principle of conservation of energy state?
1. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. 2. Energy is only ever transferred from one store to another store.
96
What happens to energy according to the principle of conservation of energy?
Energy never disappears; it simply moves to a different energy store, where it takes on a different form.

Chemisty (7 decks)

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