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gcse phys paper 1 > energy > Flashcards

energy Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

define specific heat capacity

A

the energy required to heat 1 kg of a substance by 1 degree

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2
Q

what is the practical to investigate specific heat capacity

A
  • measure mass of the block of chosen metal.
  • wrap it in an insulating layer to reduce energy transferred to surroundings.
  • insert thermometer into hole with drop of water to increase thermal contact
  • record initial temperature.
  • insert heater, connect to power supply and ammeter
  • set p.d to 10v, and start stopwatch.
  • current does work on heater, which transfers energy to thermal energy store of metal
  • record temperature every min for 10 mins, ensure p.d is constant.

calculate power using P = VI
calculate energy transfer using E = Pt (s)
plot energy transferred to temperature graph. draw line of best fit
calculate shc using 1/(gradient x mass)

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3
Q

unit for specific heat capacity

A

j/kg°c

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4
Q

how to investigate effectiveness of different thermal insulators

A
  • transfer 80cm^3 boiling water from kettle into a sealable beaker
  • record initial temp and start stopwatch
  • record temp every 3 mins for 15 mins
  • pour out water and allow beaker to return to room temp
  • repeat, wrapping beaker in different materials each time. ensure mass of water and insulator is the same
  • plot table and compare
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5
Q
A
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6
Q

define power

A

rate of work done/energy transferred

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7
Q

when might an equation not be useful when calculating elastic potential energy

A

when limit of proportionality reached
(extension no longer directly proportionate to force applied)

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8
Q

Describe the energy changes involved
when a pendulum swings

A

upward: ke converted to gpe
peak: maximum gpe, zero ke
downward: gpe converted to ke
friction from pivot and from air resistance means energy is wasted via thermal energy stores, so pendulum swings with less energy and eventually stops

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9
Q

Describe the energy transfers for a bungee jumper.

A

falling: GPE is converted to KE
cord tightens: KE is converted to epe
cord recoils: epe converted to ke
ascends: ke converted to gpe

friction of air resistance means energy is wasted via thermal stores, jumper will not return to exact height

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10
Q

examples for chemical energy stores

A

food, fuel, batteries

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11
Q

what is waste energy

A

energy stored not for desired purpose

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12
Q

what is conduction

A

where vibrating particles transfer energy to neighbouring particle

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13
Q

what is convection

A

where energetic particles move away from hotter regions into cooler regions

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14
Q

ways to increase efficiency

A

lubrication
insulation, eg use material of lower thermal conductivity
recycling waste output

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15
Q

what is the only thing that is 100% efficient and why

A

electric heaters: all energy in electrostatic energy store is transferred to thermal energy stores (useful)

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16
Q

three methods to reduce rate of thermal energy loss in a building

A

double glaze windows
loft and wall insulation
thicker walls

all lower thermal conductivity

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17
Q

how to improve efficiency of a robot with moving parts

A

lube it up

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18
Q

renewable vs non renewable

A

renewable is replenished as it is used, whereas non renewable will run out

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19
Q

uses of energy

A

transport
electricity
heating

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20
Q

examples of non renewable resources

A

fossil fuels:
coal
oil
gas

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21
Q

advantages of fossil fuels

Study These Flashcards
A
  • reliable, provide when needed
  • produce large amounts from little fuel
  • relatively cheap
  • versatile, many uses
22
Q

disadvantages of fossil fuels

Study These Flashcards
A
  • emits large amount of CO2
  • non renewable
  • other pollutants produced eg sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain
23
Q

examples of renewable resources

Study These Flashcards
A

solar
wind
tidal

hydro electric
geothermal

bio fuel

24
Q

advantages of nuclear power

Study These Flashcards
A
  • no co2 emission when running
  • large amount of energy from small amount of fuel
  • reliable
25
disadvantages of nuclear power
- holds highly dangerous radioactive material, risk of being released & harming people - produces large amounts of highly dangerous waste, stored for thousands of years before its safe - must be decommissioned when no longer used, extremely expensive
26
how has the UK's use of coal changed
- abundantly used up to 1950s - then nuclear power produced 20% UK electricity by 1980 - became major producer of gas, by 2000 gas used as much as coal - study into climate change led to 2005 kyoto protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
27
coal vs gas
- gas has less co2 emission - gas power stations have short start-time during high demand, coal is very long
28
advantages of renewables
- never run out, sustainable - no emissions while running
29
disadvantages of all renewables
- non renewable is more efficient and economically beneficial, as it is cheaper and holds jobs
30
advantages and disadvantages of renewables like solar, wind, tidal
- no emissions while running - will never run out, sustainable - depend on natural factors, which are LOW IN UK unreliable supply - visually or audibly obstructive - requires large scale, solar can take up farmland - only produces electricity, majority of uk use petrol cars which require fossil fuels
31
advantages and disadvantages of HEP
- very reliable - habitats destroyed from building dams and clearing for reservoirs - only useful in places with rivers, unlike uk - only produces electricity, majority of uk cars are petrol and require fossil fuels
32
advantage and disadvantages of tidal barrages and wave power
- very reliable - could damage wildlife - good potential in uk due to extensive coastline - only produces electricity, majority of uk cars are petrol and require fossil fuels
33
advantages and disadvantages of biofuels (plant material)
- carbon neutral, as burning releases co2 but plants grown take in co2 - produces gas, highly used for transport - forest cleared to grow plants
34
future of uk energy
- to combat unreliability of renewables, baseload needed to constantly supply electricity. nuclear power used, more built - during high demand, gas-fired power stations provide emergency power
35
what are different compnenents measure in when calucating kinetic/gravitational/elastic energy
kinetic: speed m/s grav: field N/kg elastic: constant N/m all lengths in m all masses in kg
36
what is work done and how can it be done
energy transferred from one store to another. can be mechanical (force) or electrical (current)
37
how do turbines produce energy
they turn generators, which generate electricity
38
how do fossil fuels provide energy
combusted to heat water, producing steam, which turns turbines
39
how does falling wter, tides, and waves produce energy
moving water turns turbines
40
how do nuclear and geothermal sources produce enrgy
nuclear fuels/hot rocks used to heat water, producing steam to turn turbines
41
how do biofuels produce electricity
plant matter, ethanol, or methane can be produced, can be used in replacement to fossil fuels
42
how do solar cells produce electricity
use thermal radiation to heat water to produce steam to turn turbines for household use
43
what can effect solar energy
light level, damage
44
how to do calculation if there are two equations with the variable you need
add them
45
what is a closed system
total energy does not change
46
how does a hot metal pass energy onto another metal
conduction: free electrons gain kinetic energy and vibrate more, these motions transfer energy to neighbouring electrons when they collide
47
how will cycling uphill affect maximum speed if cyclist maxiumum speed when flat is x
lower, as max power output is constant, but energy transferred is greater as more work is done by cyclist. power = energy/time so time is greater speed = distance/time, distance is fixed, so speed is lower
48
why does it take time for water in kettle to begin to heat
heating element of kettle takes time to heat up
49
coal vs gas environmentally
- so sulfur dioxide, no acid rain, no damage to environment - no co2 released, less global warming - gas mining is less destructive than coal mining
50
what equation can be formed between KE and GPE
0.5 x mass x speed^2 = mass x grav field x height
51
why is speed approximately the same for people going down a slide
KE = GPE 0.5 x mass x speed^2 = mass x grav field x height mass can cancel as it is common to both 0.5 x speed^2 = grav field x height speed = root [2(grav field x height)] speed is only depended on height and grav field, both of with are the same for all going down slide only changes will be from air resistance for larger people or different initial speed
52
whys it important to have multiple renewable energy sources
one can supply while other is unfavoured (1) less variation in total output, greater reliability (1)

gcse phys paper 1 (4 decks)

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