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Geography A2 (mine) > Energy > Flashcards

Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of renewable

A

A flow of resources which is infinite in terms of humans

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2
Q

Definition of recyclable

A

Can be used repeatedly if managed carefully

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3
Q

Name the non-renewable energy sources

A

Coal, crude oil, natural gas

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4
Q

Name the renewable energy sources

A

Solar, wind, hydroelectric, wave, tidal, geothermal

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5
Q

Name the recyclable energy sources

A

Biomass, nuclear

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6
Q

What is the percentage of crude oil usage across the word

A

36%

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7
Q

What is the percentage of coal usage across the word

A

27%

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8
Q

What is the percentage of natural gas usage across the word

A

23%

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9
Q

What is the percentage of hydroelectric usage across the word

A

6.3%

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10
Q

What is the percentage of nuclear usage across the word

A

5.9%

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11
Q

What is the percentage of other energy resources (wind, solar, biofuels, geothermal) usage across the word

A

1%

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12
Q

What is the energy issue at Canada and Alaska?

A

Reserves;questions of developing these in the Arctic, Antarctic and other sensitive areas

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13
Q

Where is the energy issue of dependency? (Wastefulness, lack of fossil fuel supply-energy insecurity)

A

Western Europe and USA

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14
Q

Where is there energy supply security? (Role of unstable regions in fossil fuel supply, link between nuclear power and weapons)

A

Russia

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15
Q

What energy issue do Africa face? (Except north of the Sahel region and South Africa)

A

Energy poverty-dependency on foreign TNC’s to exploit supply (Nigeria and Sudan)

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16
Q

Where has a huge energy supply but inefficient use? (Energy as political weapon)

A

Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran

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17
Q

What is the energy issue associate with India and China?

A

Rapidly growing demand, use of pollution sources such as high sulphur coal, health impacts, impact on global fossil fuel prices

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18
Q

Definition of non-renewable

A

A finite stock of resources which will run out

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19
Q

Disadvantages of using biofuels as an energy source

A

Relatively low energy densities mean limited potential for large scale electricity generation
Act as a carbon sink, so combustion releases stored CO2

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20
Q

Disadvantages of using coal as an energy source

A

Releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants which contributes to climate change and atmospheric pollution

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21
Q

Disadvantages of using geothermal as an energy source

A

Heather alchemy is the outer 10km of the earths crust so is too diffuse to be exploitable worldwide
Availability is limited to a few locations, e.g. Iceland, Philippines

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22
Q

Disadvantages of using natural gas as an energy source

A

Cost and security of supply are issues, especially for countries that are largely importers
Releases CO2 on use

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23
Q

Disadvantages of using hydro-electricity as an energy source

A

Large scale systems are costly to build

Dam-building has social, political and environmental impacts

24
Q

Disadvantages of using nuclear as an energy source

A

Possible health risk associated with power plants and accidents such as Chernobyl
Disposal of radioactive material raises safety issues and there unknown long term risk

25
Q

Disadvantages of using oil as an energy source

A

Concerns that global supplies may have reached their peak
Security of supply
Geopolitical tensions and lack of alternatives

26
Q

Disadvantages of using solar as an energy source

A

Distribution and availability varies spatially and temporally
Photovoltaic technology still expensive compared with fossil fuels

27
Q

Disadvantages of using tidal/wave as an energy source

A

Only certain locations are suitable for offshore tidal generation
Technology for large-scale generation is unproven

28
Q

Disadvantages of using wind as an energy source

A

Only certain locations have enough wind to be viable
Wind energy is a variable power, so difficult to manage power supply through a grid system without backup
Kills birds

29
Q

Where is coal found

A

More than 80% of the worlds coal reserves are located in just 10 countries
US has greater than 1/4
China is the biggest producer and consumer

30
Q

Issues with using coal as an energy source

A

Releases CO2
Conflict
Peak production may hit in 2025

31
Q

Where is oil found

A

Venezuela, Russia, Canada, Nigeria, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Iran

32
Q

Issues with using oil as an energy source

A

Conflict (Nigeria/Middle East)
Pollution-releases CO2
Demand for oil in Middle East means that the gulf states will have to spend $520 billion by 2030

33
Q

Where is gas found

A

Russia, Iran, Qatar, Turkmenistan, America

34
Q

Issues with using gas as an energy source

A

Releases CO2
Gas leaks
Uses lots of water in production

35
Q

Definition of energy supply

A

Where energy comes from

36
Q

Definition of energy demand

A

The desire or need for energy

37
Q

Definition of energy consumption

A

The availability and use of energy

38
Q

Definition of energy infrastructure

A

The built environment constructed for the exploration, development and production of energy and all the networks that transport energy from points of production to consumption

39
Q

Definition of energy pathways

A

Supply routes between energy producers and consumers

40
Q

Name some energy pathways

A

Ships, pipelines, cable under sea, coal carriers, oil tankers

41
Q

What is the energy trend between 1965 and 2005

A

Overall energy consumption has increased in every energy type
Oil, coal and gas have increased the most, as well as being the highest to begin with

42
Q

What is the energy trend in 2005

A

US have the highest energy demand for residential, commercial and agriculture (43%) as well as transportation (33%)
China has the highest energy demand for industry (71%)

43
Q

Definition of energy security index

A

The extent to which a country may look forward to a reliable and affordable supply of energy

44
Q

What is the availability

A

Domestic reserve per person/capita: amount/longevity of each country’s domestic oil and gas supplies, and the level of reliance of them

45
Q

What is the intensity

A

Degree of dependably of gas/oil

46
Q

What is the diversity

A

Range of energy sources in the mix

47
Q

Why do the USA have a high risk

A

High importers of oil
Reserves not enough for large population
Do not have a range of energy resources-reply I’m non-renewables
Worried about high consumption

48
Q

Why does Russia have a low risk

A

Lots of oil and gas reserves-self sufficient
Does not have to import energy sources
High land uninhabited- potential for wind energy source

49
Q

Why do Brazil have medium risk

A

Self-sufficient in oil
45% of total energy consumption from renewable sources
Small diversity

50
Q

Why do Mauritania have high risk

A

Have not found as much oil as they thought they would (found 3.2MT instead of 15.2MT)
Import oil
Oil is 60% of total energy consumption (transport uses 50% of all oil and electricity production 30%)
Underdeveloped/LIC

51
Q

Name four energy supply pathways

A

Strait of Hormuz
Hey stone pipeline
ESPO
Trans Siberia pipeline

52
Q

Strait of Hormuz

A

Oil via con trainer shipping
Iran-Persian Gulf
Iran have threaded to close the Strait of Hormuz several times in recent history
July 2009-Sirius Star, Japanese oil tanker, approached the Strait of Hormuz, heading to Japan. US navy diver said it was the victim of a failed stack by a suicide bomber piloting a waterborne I provided explosive device

53
Q

Keystone pipeline

A

Oil via pipeline
Canada (tar sands) to the US
Environmentalists concerned with the environmental impacts of energy development and energy consumption
President Obama rejected the application amid protests about the pipelines impact on Nebraska’s environmentally sensitive Sand Hills region
TransCanada Corporation changed the original proposed route to minimise disturbance of land, water resources and special areas

54
Q

ESPO

A

Oil via pipeline
Russia to China
November 2010-Minor shareholder of Transneft accused the company for US$4 billion embezzlement during he construction of the pipeline, but was denied by the Head of Transneft

55
Q

Trains Siberia pipeline

A

Gas via pipeline
Russia to Ukraine, travelling through Germany, France and Italy
Russia believes Ukraine owes them £1.5 billion for the gas. In 2009 Russia switched off the gas supply to the Ukraine causing conflict between Russia and Ukraine
This would also cause or less with Western Europe as they could also be cut off from the gas supply

Geography A2 (mine) (1 decks)

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