Energy

Question 1

What are the factors that influence per capita energy consumption

Answer 1

Affluence
Relative cost of energy
Level of industry
Type of industry
Social and environmental awareness
Climate

Question 2

What does affluence have to do with energy

Answer 2

People who have more money can afford to use more energy

Affluent societies can afford to be wasteful

Question 3

Law of supply and demand

Answer 3

More demand mean prices rise and poorer countries cant afford them

Question 4

Relative cost of energy

Answer 4

Energy is cheap because it is locally abundant

Energy conservation is a low priority if energy is relatively cheap

Question 5

Level of industry

Answer 5

Industrialised countries use alot of energy in the processing and transport of goods

Question 6

Type of industry

Answer 6

Heavily primary industries that extract and chemically process materials use the most energy
Light manufacturing and services use little energy

Question 7

Energy density

Answer 7

j/kg of fuel

Question 8

Intermittency

Answer 8

If an energy resource is not available all of the time then it cannot be relied on

Question 9

Reliability

Answer 9

Amount of energy that will be avaliable cannot be predicted

Question 10

Ease of storage

Answer 10

Supply must be equal to demand therefore needs to be stored

Question 11

Available resource

Answer 11

Amount that can be realistically harnessed

Question 12

Level of technology development

Answer 12

Takes time to develop efficient and reliable

Slow process

Question 13

Environmental impacts

Answer 13

All energy resources cause environmental damage

Question 14

Political and international trade issues

Answer 14

Government policies

French government subsides nuclear

Question 15

Economic issues

Answer 15

True costs are unknown
Environmental - not always covered by the consumer
GCC - acid rain

Question 16

Formation of fossil fuels

Answer 16

Plant and animal material buried millions of years ago, anerobic conditions prevent complete decomposition

Question 17

How was coal formed

Answer 17

Plants die and buried under water and dirt

Heat and pressure turned the dead plants into coal

Question 18

How was petroleum and natural gas formed

Answer 18

Tiny sea plants and animals died and buried on sea floor, pressure and heat turned them into gas and heat

Question 19

What is a resource

Answer 19

Any useful substance

Question 20

What is a reserve

Answer 20

Resources that can be profitably extracted

Question 21

Types of mining

Answer 21

Deep mining

Open cast

Question 22

Deep mining disadvntages

Answer 22

Labour intensive
Cannot remove huge quantities of coal
Relatively expansive

Question 23

Open cast mining

Answer 23

More mechanised
All above rocks must be removed
Only used when coal is near the surface

Question 24

Extraction of oil

Answer 24

Petroleum are less dense than water

Migrate up dip until they are trapped,or escape from the ground

Question 25

What is primary recovery

Answer 25

Natural pressure forces the oil to the surface Only works until the pressure falls Recovers 5-30% of total volume

Question 26

Nuclear power

Answer 26

Large amount of energy is released when small amounts of matter from the nuclei of atoms are destroyed

Question 27

Difference of fusion and fission

Answer 27

Fission splitting of atoms | Fusion joining of atoms

Question 28

Factors limiting the growth of nuclear power

Answer 28

Technology Disposal of nuclear waste Strong public opposition Serious incidemts

Question 29

What problems come with renewable energy

Answer 29

Intermittency, unreliability, energy density, ease of storage and geographical restrictions

Question 30

Name two sources of renewable energy

Answer 30

The sun | The heat from the centre of the earth

Question 31

Name direct energy sources derived from sunlight

Answer 31

Photothermal systems | Photovolatic

Question 32

Name indirect energy sources derived from sunlight

Answer 32

HEP Wind power Wave power Biofuels

Question 33

What are photothermal systems

Answer 33

Passive solar gains | Hot water can be produced in solar panels

Question 34

How does photo voltaic work

Answer 34

Sunlight absorbed by the surface layer of the PV cell displaces electrons that can be used to power electrical appliances

Question 35

How does solar power effect HEP

Answer 35

indirect | Thermal=GPE=Kinetic

Question 36

How does solar power effect wind

Answer 36

Different amounts of solar heating produce differences in temperature and air pressure Air movements to equalize these differences cause wind

Question 37

Problems with wind power

Answer 37

Indeterminacy

Question 38

Explain how bio fuels are created

Answer 38

Solar energy was captured by plants during photosynthesis and stored as chemical energy Fuel wood is still a major energy source

Question 39

What are the non-solar renewable energy resources

Answer 39

Geothermal | Tidal

Question 40

What is geothermal energy

Answer 40

Harnessing heat from hot rocks | Heat is from the decay of radioisotopes in the mantle

Question 41

What is tidal power

Answer 41

Controlled by gravity of sun and moon | Reliable

Question 42

What is a primary fuel

Answer 42

Energy that is extracted from the environment = primary fuel

Question 43

What is a secondary fuel

Answer 43

Energy that is not from the natural environment

Question 44

Name secondary energys

Answer 44

Electricity | Hydrogen

Question 45

How does obtaining electricity from kinetic energy work

Answer 45

Spinning an electric conductor in a magnetic field Directly harnessing Converted from other energy types

Question 46

How does obtaining electricity from light energy work

Answer 46

Photons of light displace electrons Surface layer is therefore negatively charged Free electrons flow along a conductor to lower layer powering an appliance in the process

Question 47

How does obtaining electricity from chemical energy work

Answer 47

One chemical accepts electrons, the other releases electrons | Flow of electrons can power electrical equipment

Question 48

How do batteries supply energy

Answer 48

Store chemical energy which can be converted to electricity

Question 49

What are the adv/dis of electricity

Answer 49

No pollution at point of use Easy to convert other forms of energy Easy to transport along conducting cables No large scale conversions

Question 50

What are the environmental impacts of grid cables

Answer 50

Overhead - visual pollution, kills birds | Underground - Habitat damage, need cooling

Question 51

Two methods of releasing energy from hydrogen

Answer 51

Combustion to produce heat | Fuel cells

Question 52

Problems with storing hydrogen

Answer 52

Compressed gas - kept at 200 atm Liquefied gas - Kept liquid by refrigeration and compression (must be very low temp) Metal hydrides - Storage at a low pressure due to hydrogen being absorbed on to the metal matrix

Question 53

What are the main activities that lead to environmental damage

Answer 53

Fuel extraction Site development and management Material transport Waste disposal

Question 54

What does fossil fuel burning cause

Answer 54

Acid rain GCC Tropospheric ozone

Question 55

Environmental impacts of using solar power

Answer 55

Some electricity may be required Maintenance Extraction and processing

Question 56

Environmental impacts of HEP

Answer 56

Extraction of materials Transport and construction of access roads Habitat loss during flooding of the reservoir Flow fluctuation New habitat created

Question 57

Environmental impacts of wind power

Answer 57

``` Aesthetic pollution Noise pollution Flicker effect Interference with radio Kills birds and bats ```

Question 58

Environmental impacts of tidal power

Answer 58

Material used for construction would require transport and quarrying Increased sedimentation Pollutants may build up Static water