Energy

Question 1

why has the per capita energy consumption increase

Answer 1

direct uses: heating, lighting, cooking, in home stuff indirect uses; commercial organisations, schools, gov transport agriculture

Question 2

how does affluence affect energy use

Answer 2

people buy more, consume more and use more energy. more energy is used in making more products. also for more housing

Question 3

what are the 3 types of industry

Answer 3

primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

Question 4

how do climate conditions affect energy use

Answer 4

energy for heating wasted when heating when cold. high wind means heat loss, sunny increases passive solar gain

Question 5

name the 4 main human activities that use energy

Answer 5

agriculture and fisheries, other industries, domestic, transport

Question 6

how does agriculture and fisheries use lots of energy

Answer 6

machinery, chemical manufactures, food processing, storage (refrigerated foods), fuel eg for boats and water pumping

Question 7

how do other industries use lots of energy

Answer 7

machinery operation, heat to melt materials/ baking/distillation, energy for chemical reactions, water and sewage treatment

Question 8

how does domestic use use lots of energy

Answer 8

space heating, lighting, running appliances

Question 9

how does transport use lots of energy

Answer 9

transport of goods and people

Question 10

what are the 3 things that caused a change in energy use

Answer 10

income, population growth and environmental awareness

Question 11

how does the income change energy use

Answer 11

increase means more consumers can afford to pay for more energy, affluence means higher consumption in goods. more household items to run.

Question 12

how has population growth changed use in energy

Answer 12

total energy increases with population growth even if per-capita stays the same. struggling countries may struggle to increase national energy supplies

Question 13

how has environmental awareness changed use in energy

Answer 13

better building conservation, choice in vehicle type and consumer goods, food choices and level of recycling

Question 14

what restricts availability of energy availability

Answer 14

fossil fuels can’t be extracted, winds high above ground where aerogenerators can’t be located, wave power far from coasts where water is too deep for equipment, low intensity sunlight cannot produce high temps

Question 15

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for fossil fuels

Answer 15

can only be extracted where economically exploitable deposits exist, need access to fuel supplies, condenser cooling water and suitable construction sites

Question 16

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for nuclear power

Answer 16

high energy density fuel is easily transported, need access to condensing cooling water and a suitable construction site

Question 17

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for solar power

Answer 17

needs high light intensity and low cloud cover

Question 18

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for wind power

Answer 18

areas with strong reliable winds (shallow seas, open plains) and low land-use conflicts (areas with low ecological sensitivity, not near urban areas)

Question 19

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for hydroelectric power

Answer 19

coastal areas with: high reliable rainfall, small dam with large reservoir basin large catchment area, impermeable bedrock and a stable geology

Question 20

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for biofuels

Answer 20

nearby forest area, farmland for biofuel crops and crop/livestock waste, near urban areas for food storage area

Question 21

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for geothermal power

Answer 21

area with hot rocks near ground surface, recent volcanic activity

Question 22

what are the main locational factors and required conditions for tidal power

Answer 22

areas where tidal range is large, coastal features that focus tidal flow to increase flow velocity or tidal range

Question 23

why is predictability important

Answer 23

need to know how much energy is available, can make plans to use alternative resources. however som ar intermittent eg tidal

Question 24

why are high energy density resources most useful

Answer 24

smaller quantities are needed so storage and transport are easier, it’s easier to reach high temperatures

Question 25

which energy resources have a the highest to lowest energy density

Answer 25

highest; nuclear fission, hydrogen fossil fuels, wood, wind and solar power :lowest

Question 26

how will appropriate technologies increases efficiency of energy

Answer 26

if appropriate technologies are developed to be able to convert resources into more useful energy forms that we cannot currently do

Question 27

why is it difficult to move from fossil fuels to renewable energy

Answer 27

fossil fuels have shaped the way societies develop, hard to change. they have different characteristics from fossil fuels,whilst a number can generate electricity they cant reach the temperature levels fossil fuels create, or produce sufficient quantities

Question 28

what types of energy can and cant be stored

Answer 28

can: chemical energy and fossil fuels can't: solar, wind and tidal whoever they can be stored if they're converted into thermal or chemical energy

Question 29

how come fossil fuels and chemical energy can be stored

Answer 29

they have high energy density so a small mass can be store a large amount of energy

Question 30

what environmental impacts does energy have

Answer 30

pollution during extraction and use of fossil fuels - global climate change, manufacture of equipment used to exploit is an impact

Question 31

political influences on energy

Answer 31

may provide assistance to sections: support development cost of new technology, increase national energy security, reduce environmental impacts. done in financial grants, guaranteed price for energy produced, less strict planning regulations

Question 32

why is it difficult to calculate the full price of energy

Answer 32

price paid by energy user doesn't always cover total cost, inc environmental damage and cost of mitigating these eg pollution causing acid rain and financial impacts it produces. difficult to assess the cost of some impacts, not fully understood eg climate change

Question 33

how can the cost of an energy project be divided

Answer 33

running costs and set up costs

Question 34

why are renewable projects at a financial disadvantage to non-renewable projects

Answer 34

the cost of renewable projects are mostly the cost of the equipment, with very low running costs so most expenditure is from a loan. Non-renewable is mainly running costs, so no loan.

Question 35

what requires energy supplies to be sustainable

Answer 35

they can be maintained without unacceptable environmental damage or economic and social impacts

Question 36

how will decisions on energy supplies affect future economies

Answer 36

depleted non-renewable resources will become more expensive, failure to invest in development of future energy supplies could result in shortage for future generations, commitments made for long-term use of future technologies may reduce future affluence

Question 37

how will future technologies help reduce environmental impacts from energy

Answer 37

will be developed to capture CO2 emissions

Question 38

for what reasons will the way energy is supplied change in the future

Answer 38

non-renewable resources are depleting, concerns on environmental damage, current supplies can't meet growth in demand, new technologies are becoming available to harness and store

Question 39

how were fossil fuels produced

Answer 39

partial decomposition of dead organic matter under anaerobic conditions beneath layers of sediment that were deposited on the earth's surface or seabed

Question 40

what features do fossil fuels have that makes them ideal for use

Answer 40

easy to store, high energy density - power high energy intensity activities and efficient to transport, found in very abundant deposits

Question 41

why does fossil fuels having a high energy density make them useful

Answer 41

high temperature enables smelting of ores / reach high temperatures when they burn so can produce high pressure steam and spin generators to produce electricity / high energy density allows small mass to do lots of work

Question 42

why is it not worth exploiting certain amounts of coal. natural gas and oil

Answer 42

coal: deposits are too deep, in too small amounts or in hard to reach areas natural gas: trapped in fine-grained impermeable shade deposits

Question 43

why may a large scale use of recoverable fossil fuels not be possible

Answer 43

not economically viable, cause unacceptable pollution, involve habitat damage, extraction process could cause local earth tremors