Energy

Question 1

can be simply defined as the minimum amount of energy expended that is compatible with life.

Answer 1

Basal energy expenditure (BEE)

Question 2

– 2/3 of daily energy expenditure of an average person
– essential metabolic process required by the body at rest
– Minimum amount of energy needed to carry out vital processes
- The minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive

Answer 2

Basal Metabolism

Question 3

– Amount of energy required for basal metabolic processes per unit of body weight per unit of time (eg.Kcal/kg/hr)

Answer 3

Basal Metabolic Rate

Question 4

– similar to basal metabolism

– measured under actual conditions

Answer 4

Resting Metabolism

Question 5

• Capacity to do work

- Needed for involuntary and voluntary activities

Answer 5

Energy

Question 6

amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 kg H2O to 10C

Answer 6

Kcal

Question 7

Amount of energy needed when 1 kg is moved a distance of 1 m

Answer 7

Joule (J)

Question 8

Conversion: 1 Kcal =

Answer 8

4.184 J

Question 9

• Age: BMR is highest at birth up to ___ years of age

Answer 9

2 years

Question 10

• Nutritional Status: Prolonged calorie undernutrition can cause

Answer 10

20-30% decrease in BMR

Question 11

Body composition: The higher the proportion of muscles to fat and bone, the higher

Answer 11

the BMR is

Question 12

• Body Surface area: Tall person has higher BMR then a short person who has

Answer 12

the same weight

Question 13

• Sex: The BMR of women is ___ to ___% lower than that of men of the same age, height, and weight

Answer 13

10-12%

Question 14

3 hormones that can cause higher BMR

Answer 14

Thyroxine, adrenaline, and stress hormones

Question 15

basal metabolism

Answer 15

Basal thermogenesis

Question 16

Exercise-induced thermogenesis

Answer 16

physical activity

Question 17

thermic effect of food (TEF) or specific dynamic action of food (SDA)

Answer 17

Diet-induced thermogenesis

Question 18

energy of adaptation (very variable)

Answer 18

Adaptive thermogenesis

Question 19

• Pregnancy: BMR increases by ___% during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy

Answer 19

20%

Question 20

• Sleep: BMR is slightly ___ during sleep

Answer 20

reduced

Question 21

• Body Temperature: a rise in 1 degree F increases BMR by __%; a rise in 1 degree C increases BMR by
__%

Answer 21

7%;

13%

Question 22

voluntary movement of the muscles and the support system

Answer 22

Physical Activity

Question 23

– Energy used to digest, absorb food nutrients

– Diet-induced thermogenesis

Answer 23

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

Question 24

Nonvoluntary physical activity
◦Increases in the sympathetic nervous system activity
◦Triggered by overeating or cold environment

Answer 24

Adaptive thermogenesis

Question 25

Energy lost as heat

Answer 25

Brown adipose tissue

Question 26

◦Measures heat output from the body using an insulated chamber ◦Expensive and complex

Answer 26

Direct calorimetry

Question 27

◦Measures the amount of oxygen a person uses ◦A relationship exists between the body’s use of energy and oxygen ◦(1 L O2= 4.85 kcal)

Answer 27

Indirect calorimetry

Question 28

◦Consume water containing 2H and 18O | ◦Measure isotopes in body fluids

Answer 28

Stable isotopes (Doubly labeled water)

Question 29

State in which energy intake, in the form of food and/or alcohol, matches the energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity

Answer 29

Energy Balance

Question 30

◦Energy intake >energy expended | ◦Results in weight gain

Answer 30

Positive energy balance | ◦Energy intake >energy expended

Question 31

◦Energy intake

Answer 31

Negative energy balance

Question 32

What is Obesity?

Answer 32

An excess of body fat STORAGE FAT ADIPOSE TISSUE

Question 33

lower body fat distribution

Answer 33

gynoid: pear shape

Question 34

Upper body fat distribution

Answer 34

android: apple shape

Question 35

◦Associated with more heart disease, HPN, Type II Diabetes ◦Abdominal fat is released right into the liver ◦Fat affects liver’s ability to clear insulin and lipoprotein ◦Encouraged by testosterone and excessive alcohol intake ◦Defined as waist measurement of >40” in men and >35” in women

Answer 35

Upper-body (android) obesity

Question 36

◦Encouraged by estrogen and progesterone ◦After menopause, upper-body obesity appears ◦Less health risk than upper-body obesity

Answer 36

Lower-body (gynecoid) obesity

Question 37

* As a measurement prior to and during weight loss * Reduction in waist circumference, even without significant weight loss, may result in reduction in cardiovascular risks

Answer 37

Measurement of Waist Circumference

Question 38

◦Use calipers to measure subcutaneous fat | ◦Mathematical formula estimates body composition

Answer 38

Skinfold thickness

Question 39

◦Low-energy current to the body that measures the resistance of electrical flow

Answer 39

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

Question 40

Desirable amount of body fat for men

Answer 40

8 –24% for men

Question 41

Desirable amount of body fat for women

Answer 41

21 –35% for women

Question 42

◦Estimate body volume by measuring amount of air displaced when body is in a chamber ◦With body weight, can estimate body density

Answer 42

Air displacement (Bod Pod)

Question 43

◦An X-ray body scan that allows for the determination of body fat, fat-free soft tissue, and bone ◦Also used for study of osteoporosis

Answer 43

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Question 44

Methods on determining TEF:

Answer 44

a. Usual or Mixed Diet- 6-10% of Total energy expenditure b. High protein Diet- 15% of total energy expenditure c. High Fat and Carbohydrate Diet- 5% of Total energy expenditure

Question 45

Respiratory Quotient | CHO

Answer 45

1.0

Question 46

Respiratory Quotient | CHON

Answer 46

0.8

Question 47

Respiratory Quotient | Fat

Answer 47

0.7

Question 48

Respiratory Quotient | Mixed Diet

Answer 48

0.85