Energy and ATP Flashcards
ATP/ ADP/ Synthase/ Helicase/ Phosphorylation/ Glucose comparison (14 cards)
What does ATP stand for and what type of monomer is it? (2)
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- ATP is a nucleotide
What 3 parts does ATP contain? (3)
- Adenine base containing nitrogen
- Ribose sugar (pentose)
- Phosphates (3 of them)
Where is the energy stored in ATP? (1)
- Between the bonds of the 3 phosphate groups
What can you say about the bonds between the 3 phosphate groups and what does this do? (4)
- The bonds between the phosphate groups are unstable
- so they can easily be broken
- and this lowers the activation energy
- when the bonds break they release energy
What is the reversible equation for forming ATP and what enzymes are involved? (3)
Label each arrow depending on if it is a hydrolysis or condensation reaction (1)
ADP + H20 –> ADP + Pi + E
(Hydrolysis reaction and ATP hydrolase catalyses this reaction)
ADP + H20 <– ADP + Pi + E
(Condensation reaction and ATP synthase catalyses this reaction)
What is phosphorylation? (4)
- It is the addition of a phosphate group
- ATP can transfer energy to other compounds
- as the inorganic phosphate released during hydrolysis attaches to the compound
- making it more reactive
Name and describe the 3 types of phosphorlylation and state whether it occurs in plant or animal cells (6)
- Oxidative phosphorylation - occurs in both animal and plant cells during respiration
- Photophosphorylation - occurs in chlorophyll containing plant cells during photosynthesis
- Substrate-level phosphorylation - occurs in both animal and plant cells when phosphate groups are transferred from a donor molecule to ADP
What can you say about the energy released from ATP? (2)
- ATP is a source of immediate energy
- and it is released in small amounts
ATP is not a good long-term energy store. Why? (1)
Give examples of good long-term energy stores (1)
- ATP only provides an immediate source of energy in small amounts
- Fats and carbohydrates (e.g. glycogen in animals)
Why don’t cells store a large amount of ATP in them? (1)
-ATP can be rapidly reformed by the addition of an inorganic phosphate to ADP
Why is the phosphate in ATP inorganic? (1)
Because it does not contain any carbon atoms
Since ATP can not be stored it has to be continuously made where in cells? (1)
Give 2 examples of cells requiring ATP and how does this affect their sub-cellular structures (2)
- Mitochondria
- Muscle fibres (requires energy for movement) and epithelial cells (require energy for active transport) rely on ATP for their energy
- so they have larger mitochondria
Compare ATP and glucose as an energy-store in 5 ways (10)
- ATP releases energy in small, manageable amounts so no energy is waster whereas glucose releases energy in large amounts which could results in wasted energy
- ATP only has 1 bond to hydrolyse so it is a source of immediate energy whereas glucose has several bonds to hydrolyse
- ATP is small and soluble and can be easily transported around the cell and glucose is similar
- ATP can not leave the cell so the cell always has a supply of energy whereas glucose can leave the cell so the cell can run out of glucose
- ATP can transfer energy to other molecules by phosphorylation whereas glucose can’t do this because it doesn’t have any phosphates
ATP is used in energy-requiring processes in cells such as? Give examples (5)
- Metabolic processes - e.g. the process of amino acids bonding together to form polypeptides or starch breaking to form glucose
- Movement - e.g. energy for muscle filaments to slide over each other
- Active transport - e.g. energy for carrier proteins to change shape
- Secretion - e.g. to form lysosomes to secrete cell products
- Activation of molecules - e.g. lowers activation energy in enzyme-catalysed reactions by phosphorylation to make the compound more reactive + glucose is phosphorylated at the start of respiration in glycolysis to make it more reactive
