Energy And ATP Flashcards
(23 cards)
where do plants and animals get their energy from?
- all energy originally comes from the sun
- plants use solar energy to combine water and co2 into complex organic molecules by photosynthesis
- both plants and animals oxidise these organic molecules to make ATP which is the main energy source within cells
what is the structure of ATP?
- adenine
- ribose
- phosphate
what is adenine?
-an nitrogen containing organic base
what is ribose?
-a sugar molecule with a 5-carbon ring structure that acts as the backbone to which the other parts are attached
what are phosphates?
-a chain of three phosphate groups
how does ATP store energy?
- ATPs phosphate groups are key to how it stores energy
- bonds between phosphate groups are unstable and have a low activation energy which means they are easily broken and release a considerable amount of energy it’s only he terminal phosphate that is removed
what is the synthesis of ATP?
- the conversion of ATP to ADP is a reversible reaction meaning energy can be used to add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to reform ATP
- this reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATP synthase
- water is removed in this process in a condensation reaction
wgere is a phosphate molecule added to ADP during the synthesis of ATP?
- in chlorophyll containing plant cells during photosynthesis
- in plant and animal cells during respiration
- in plant and animal cells when phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules to ADP
why is ATP a better energy store than glucose?
- each ATP molecule releases less energy than each glucose molecule so the energy for reactions is therefor released in smaller more manageable quantities rather than the much greater and less manageable release of energy from a glucose molecule
- the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is a single reaction that releases immediate energy, the breakdown of glucose is a long series of reactions and the energy release takes longer
which cell processes involve ATP?
- metabolic processes
- movement
- active transport
- secretion
- activation of molecules
how is ATP used in metabolic processes?
-ATP provides the energy needed to build up macromolecules from their basic units
how is ATP used in movement?
- ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction
- in muscle contraction ATP provides energy for the filaments of muscle to slide past one another and therefore shorten the overall length of a muscle fibre
how is ATP used in active transport?
-ATO provides the energy to change the shape of carrier proteins in plasma membranes which allows molecule or ions to be moved against a concentration gradient
how is ATP used in secretion?
-ATP is needed to form the lysosomes necessary for the secretion of cell products
how is ATP used in the activation of molecules?
-the inorganic phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate other compounds in order to make them more reactive which lowers the activation energy in enzyme catalysed reactions
What is ATP?
- adenine triphosphate
- it’s a phosphorylated macromolecule with three parts
- it’s a nucleotide with three phosphate groups
How is ADP produced?
- ATP is converted into ATP through hydrolysis
- the reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase
Why is ATP a bad long term energy store?
-it has an instability of its phosphate bonds
Which energy stores are better than ATP?
- fats
- carbohydrates
- glycogen
What type of energy store is ATP?
-an immediate energy store meaning cells don’t store large amounts of ATP but maintains a few seconds supply but ATP is rapidly reformed from ATP so a little goes a long way
Where is ATP located?
-it’s continuously made within the mitochondria of cells that need it like muscle fibres and the epithelium of the small intestine which require energy for movement and, transport and have lots of large mitochondria
How is ATP stored?
-it is continuously made in the mitochondria of cells that need it
what is a phosphate?
-a salt or ester of phosphoric acid
