Energy Balance and Weight Management

Question 1

In 2004 it was recorded that ____% of people are overweight or obese

Answer 1

In 2004 it was recorded that 60% of people are overweight

Question 2

Energy balance is?

Answer 2

when energy intake = energy expenditure

Question 3

energy is measured in?

Answer 3

kilocalories or kilojoules

Question 4

• Ebal or weight loss = ?

Answer 4

Eout > Ein

Question 5

+ Ebal or weight gain = ?

Answer 5

Eout

Question 6

Energy yielding nutrients in food?

Answer 6

CHO, PRO, FAT, EtOH

Question 7

Energy Out can occur by?

Answer 7

basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, physical activity

Question 8

You can calculate Ein by ?

Answer 8

direct (bomb calorimeter) and indirect (food composition)

Question 9

What is TEE?

Answer 9

Total energy expenditure - sum of the energy

Question 10

What is BEE?

Answer 10

Basal energy expenditure - energy expended to maintain an awake resting body, that is not digesting food

Question 11

What is BMR?

Answer 11

Basal Metabolic rate- rate of energy expenditure under resting conditions

Question 12

What is REE?

Answer 12

Resting energy expenditure - estimate of basal metabolism is determined by measuring energy utilization after 5-6 hours without food or exercise

Question 13

What is Lean body mass?

Answer 13

body mass attributed to nonfat body components, such as bone, muscle and internal organs

Question 14

Energy out percentages?

Answer 14

BMR: 60-75%, TEF: ~10%, Activity: 15-30%

Question 15

What are the direct and indirect ways to measure Eout?

Answer 15

direct: calorimeter, indirect: metabolic cart, accelerometer, doubly-layered water

Question 16

What is accelerometry?

Answer 16

measure body acceleration in 3 planes (X,Y,Z) - algorithms used to convert movement, steps, intensity and time to energy expenditure (kcals)

Question 17

What is doubly-labelled water?

Answer 17

stable isotops for O and H, measure rate of disappearance of late; measure CO2 and H2) produced from metabolism in expired gas and fluids

Question 18

BMR is affected by?

Answer 18

LBM, age, weight/height, hormones

Question 19

What happens in thermic effect of food?

Answer 19

Energy needed to digest, absorb, metabolize and store nutrients from food

Question 20

Larger meals = ____ TEF

Answer 20

larger meals = increased TEF

Question 21

Hierarchy of nutrient use for energy?

Answer 21

PRO, CHO, FAT

Question 22

Metabolically simpler to convert dietary ____ to ___ for storage than ___ or ___ to ___

Answer 22

Metabolically simpler to convert dietary TGs to FFAs for storage than glucose or AA to TGs

Question 23

What does NEAT stand for?

Answer 23

non-exercise activity thermogenesis

Question 24

What is Physical Activity value?

Answer 24

numeric value associated with PA level that is variable in the EER equations used to calculate energy needs

Question 25

Define Healthy body weight.

Answer 25

weight at which the risk of illness and death are the lowest

Question 26

Define BMI

Answer 26

most common measure to assess healthy body weight

Question 27

Apple shape?

Answer 27

andriod

Question 28

Pear shape?

Answer 28

gynoid

Question 29

Limitations of BMI

Answer 29

Cannot distinguish different body compositions

Question 30

____ fat is less risky than ____ fat

Answer 30

subcutaneous fat is less risk than visceral fat

Question 31

Increased ____ is associated with higher incidence of heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer and diabetes

Answer 31

Increased weight composition is associated with higher incidence of heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer and diabetes

Question 32

____ more strongly associated with heart disease than ____

Answer 32

WHR more strongly associated with heart disease than BMI

Question 33

Methods of Assessing Body Composition

Answer 33

Bioelectric impedance analysis, skin fold thickness, plethysmography, radiologic methods

Question 34

what are good conductors and good insulators in the body for BIA?

Answer 34

muscle and adipose

Question 35

BIA can be affected by?

Answer 35

fluid balance, dehydration underestimates, exercise overestimates, fat and non-fat

Question 36

Skin fold thickness is?

Answer 36

sum of skin folds at various sites = fat mass

Question 37

Skin fold thickness is less accurate in ?

Answer 37

overweight/obese and elderly

Question 38

Theory behind underwater weighing/densitometry?

Answer 38

a person's density is proportional to (fat free) lean mass

Question 39

Density =?

Answer 39

density = mass/volume

Question 40

DXA theory?

Answer 40

attenuation of two low energy x-rays is proportional to density of tissue

Question 41

What is set-point theory?

Answer 41

adult bodyweight is genetically determined

Question 42

Short term regulation of energy balance?

Answer 42

regulating food intake from meal to meal

Question 43

long term regulation of energy balance?

Answer 43

regulating amount of body fat over time

Question 44

Leptin is secreted from?

Answer 44

adipose tissue

Question 45

ghrelin is ?

Answer 45

appetite promoting hormone

Question 46

Obesity causes?

Answer 46

75% genetics, 25% environmental

Question 47

When would weight loss drugs and surgery be used?

Answer 47

for individuals with a BMI >40 or >35+ comorbidities

Question 48

What is fenfluramine and phentermine linked too?

Answer 48

heart-valve damage and pulmonary hypertension

Question 49

Sibutramine is associated with ?

Answer 49

increased risk of CVD

Question 50

Fen-Phan and sibutramine do what?

Answer 50

suppress appeitiee

Question 51

Oslistat( (xenical) does what?

Answer 51

disables the enzyme lipase preventing TGs from being broken down into MGs and FFAs

Question 52

Olestra/Olean is what?

Answer 52

a fat substitute

Question 53

How is olestra/olean made?

Answer 53

synthesized using a sucrose molecule with FAs

Question 54

Negative effects of olestra/olean

Answer 54

upset GI tract and diarrhea