Energy- Budget

Question 1

What does the energy budget encompass?

Answer 1

All energy entering and all leaving in the form of radiation

Question 2

What determines energy input/output?

Answer 2

Incoming shortwave solar radiation against outgoing radiation composed of reflected solar radiation and outgoing themal radiation.

Question 3

What causes variability in Energy Budget balance?

Answer 3

Anthropogenic forcing altering internal climate variability.

Question 4

Sensible Heat

Answer 4

Shifting of temperature without phase change.

Question 5

Latent Heat

Answer 5

The heat that has to be given to a unit mass of a material to convert it from solid to liquid without change in temperature.

Question 6

Ground Heat Flux

Answer 6

Loss of energy by heat conduction through lower boundary.

Question 7

What is heat conduction?

Answer 7

Heat transfer through physical contact.

Question 8

Examples of heat conduction?

Answer 8

Sunlight heats ground and heating of ait by conduction

Question 9

What is heat conduction also known as?

Answer 9

Fouriers law.

Question 10

What is an example of Fouriers law?

Answer 10

Hot drink heat conduction through wall of mug.

Question 11

What is an example of an object that modulates energy flux?

Answer 11

Clouds

Question 12

What are aerosl cloud interactions?

Answer 12

Where aerosols act as Cloud Condensation Nuclei

Question 13

Cloud Condensation Nuclei

Answer 13

Particles smaller than cloud droplets of which water vapour condenses.

Question 14

What does water vapor required for gas-liquid condensation?

Answer 14

A surface for transition.

Question 15

Why does water vapour need a surface for cloud formation?

Answer 15

Small spherical water vapour droplets evaporate quicker, because of curvature effect,

Question 16

Curvature Effect

Answer 16

The greater the curvature, the greater the chance that the surface water molecules can escape.

Question 17

Why do larger droplets evaporate less?

Answer 17

Large volme to surface air ratio?

Question 18

Without CCN what temperature does water vapor supercooling occur?

Answer 18

-13 degrees before droplet formation.

Question 19

Marine Cloud Brighteneing

Answer 19

A technique used to promote cloud brightening to reflect more incoming sunlight.

Question 20

Cloud Chambers

Answer 20

A particle detector used for visualizing ionizing radiation passage.

Question 21

How much less solar radiation is reflected without clouds?

Answer 21

47 W m^2

Question 22

Why is TOA energy budget more easily measured?

Answer 22

Direct sattelite measuring.

Question 23

What is TOA atmosphere tracked by?

Answer 23

CERES sattelite

Question 24

What is the main influence of TOA atmosphere?

Answer 24

EN/LN oscillations

Question 25

El Nino Southern Oscilliations

Answer 25

Ocean surface warming part of a recurring climate pattern in central/eastern pacific ocean.

Question 26

Global Energy Inventory

Answer 26

The energy gain of the climate system associated with global ocean heat uptake, atmospheric warming, land warming and ice melting.

Question 27

What is the main inducer of inventory changes?

Answer 27

Ocean heat content

Question 28

Why is GSAT an unreliable measurement for interannual-to-decadal time scales?

Answer 28

Influence by unforced variations like ENSO

Question 29

What measurements are preffered over GSAT?

Answer 29

Earth energy balance.

Question 30

What is inventory change subject to?

Answer 30

Earth Energy Imbalance

Question 31

Earth Energy Imbalance

Answer 31

The principle of understanding heat distribution to oceans and lands etc, by how much increased solar radiation affects climate

Question 32

How is the heat inventory dispersed across oceans?

Answer 32

89% in the oceans, 52% in upper 700, 28% for 700-2000 and 9% below 2000

Question 33

How is heat inventory dispersed across terrestial lands?

Answer 33

6% by land, 4% for melting of ice, 1% for atmospheric warming.

Question 34

What is EEI referred to when it is zero?

Answer 34

Quasi-equilibrium of the Earth System

Question 35

Quasistatic Process

Answer 35

A thermodynamic process happening slowly enough for the system to remain in internal physical, but not necessarily chemical equilibrium.

Question 36

To reduce EEI, how much CO2 ppm would have to be reduced?

Answer 36

From 410 to 353 to increase heat radiation by 9.87 W

Question 37

How much money to reduce PPM by 50?

Answer 37

20 trillion dollars.

Question 38

Why is EEI metric important?

Answer 38

Determines how well we are controlling climate

Question 39

What was EEI during 2010-2018

Answer 39

9.87+-.12 Wm^-2

Question 40

What is thermal expansion?

Answer 40

Rise of sea level due to increased temperature, about 1 third of sea level rising.

Question 41

How is sea-level measured?

Answer 41

Argo float deployments.

Question 42

Why is atmopsheric heat content considered?

Answer 42

Where humans live, changes thus effect society.

Question 43

Effective Radiative Forcing

Answer 43

Measures energy imbalance after allowing atmospheric temperatures, water vapour and clouds to adjust to forcing agents whilst keeping surface temperatures unchanged.

Question 44

What does ERF quanitfy?

Answer 44

Energy lost by Earth when perturbed by GHG, isolate seperate GHG effects from one another.