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BIOCHEM 2 > ENERGY CHANGES > Flashcards

ENERGY CHANGES Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical reactions of biomolecules. It is the biochemical basis of life processes.

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2
Q

What types of biomolecules are processed in metabolism?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins taken in by the organism are processed in a variety of ways.

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones. It is an oxidative process that releases energy.

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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones. It is a reductive process that requires energy.

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5
Q

Are catabolism and anabolism the same?

A

Catabolism and anabolism are separate pathways. They are not simply the reverse of each other.

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6
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Metabolism is the sum total of the chemical reactions of biomolecules in an organism.

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7
Q

What are some nutrients involved in catabolism?

A

Fats, polysaccharides, and proteins.

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8
Q

What are the products of catabolism?

A

Fatty acids, glucose and other monosaccharides, and amino acids.

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9
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Anabolism is the process that requires reducing agents and energy to build larger molecules.

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10
Q

What are the products of anabolism?

A

Small molecules including proteins and nucleic acids.

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11
Q

What type of process is catabolism?

A

Catabolism is an energy-releasing process.

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12
Q

What type of process is anabolism?

A

Anabolism is an energy-requiring process.

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13
Q

What is the relationship between catabolism and excretion?

A

Some excretion is related to catabolism.

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14
Q

What is the relationship between anabolism and excretion?

A

Some excretion is related to anabolism.

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15
Q

What are Oxidation-Reduction reactions?

A

Reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor to an acceptor.

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16
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons; the substance that loses the electrons is called a reducing agent.

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17
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons; the substance that gains the electrons is called an oxidizing agent.

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18
Q

What is the most reduced form of carbon?

A

Alkane.

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19
Q

What is the most oxidized form of carbon?

A

CO₂ (final product of catabolism).

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20
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Catabolism is the process where large molecules are broken down into smaller products, releasing energy and transferring electrons to acceptor molecules.

The overall process is one of oxidation.

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21
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Anabolism is the process where small molecules react to form larger ones, requiring energy and involving the acceptance of electrons from various donors.

The overall process is one of reduction.

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22
Q

What are the coenzymes used in biologically important redox reactions?

A

NAD*/NADH

Example: NAD+ is the oxidized form, while NADH is the reduced form.

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23
Q

What is another coenzyme involved in redox reactions?

A

FAD/FADH2

Example: FAD is the oxidized form, while FADH2 is the reduced form.

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24
Q

What is NAD*?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD*) is an important coenzyme.

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25
What role does NAD* play in biological reactions?
Acts as a biological oxidizing agent.
26
What is the structure of NADH composed of?
The structure of NADH is comprised of a nicotinamide portion and is a derivative of nicotinic acid.
27
What type of oxidizing agent is NAD*?
NAD* is a two-electron oxidizing agent.
28
What happens to NAD* during the reaction?
NAD* is reduced to NADH.
29
What are the structures and redox states of nicotinamide coenzymes?
Nicotinamide exists in two forms: oxidized and reduced. ## Footnote The oxidized form is NAD*, and the reduced form is NADH.
30
What is a hydride ion?
A hydride ion is a proton with two electrons. ## Footnote It is involved in the transfer to NAD* to produce NADH.
31
What does NADP* contain?
NADP* contains a 2'-hydroxyl group. ## Footnote This structural feature differentiates it from NAD*.
32
What is FAD?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a biological oxidizing agent.
33
What does FAD accept?
FAD accepts protons and electrons.
34
What is the half reaction of FAD reduction?
The half reaction of reduction of FAD to FADH involves the transfer of protons and electrons.
35
What are the oxidized and reduced forms of FAD?
FAD is the oxidized form and FADH₂ is the reduced form.
36
What are the structures discussed in the text?
The structures of Riboflavin, Flavin Mono-nucleotide (FMN), and Flavin Dinucleotide (FAD).
37
How do flavins compare to NAD and NADP+?
Flavins are stronger oxidizing agents than NAD and NADP+.
38
What pathways can flavins be reduced by?
Flavins can be reduced by both one-electron and two-electron pathways.
39
How can flavins be reoxidized?
Flavins can be reoxidized easily by molecular oxygen.
40
What is FAD?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide.
41
What are flavoenzymes?
Enzymes that use flavins to carry out their reactions.
42
What type of reactions are flavoenzymes involved in?
Flavoenzymes are involved in many kinds of oxidation-reduction reactions.
43
What occurs in a complete redox reaction?
Two half-reactions occur simultaneously.
44
What is the oxidation half-reaction?
NADH is oxidized to NAD* by losing electrons. ## Footnote Example: NADH - NAD* + 2e + H*
45
What is the reduction half-reaction?
Pyruvate is reduced to malate by gaining electrons. ## Footnote Example: Pyruvate + 2e + H* -> Malate
46
What is the coupled reaction in a redox process?
The two half-reactions combine to form the overall reaction: Pyruvate + NADH + H° -> Malate + NAD*
47
Why do redox reactions occur in pairs?
Electrons cannot exist freely in solution; when one molecule loses electrons (oxidation), another must gain them (reduction).
48
What is the role of redox pairs in biological systems?
Redox pairs (like NADH/NAD* and pyruvate/malate) ensure efficient energy transfer and metabolic regulation.
49
What is an example of a redox reaction in a biological system?
The pyruvate-to-malate reaction is part of a larger system where the oxidation of one molecule (NADH) is always paired with the reduction of another (pyruvate).
50
What are endergonic reactions?
Endergonic reactions are biological reactions that do not naturally release energy.
51
What are exergonic reactions?
Exergonic reactions are biological reactions that release energy.
52
How are endergonic and exergonic reactions related in cells?
Endergonic and exergonic reactions are often coupled together, with energy from exergonic reactions driving endergonic reactions.
53
What role does ATP play in energy coupling?
ATP is a key player in energy coupling, often used to transfer energy from exergonic reactions to those that require energy.
54
What is the significance of energy coupling in cells?
Energy coupling creates a continuous flow of energy that powers vital cellular functions, efficiently managing and utilizing energy within the cell.
55
What is an important question about metabolism?
How is the energy released by the oxidation of nutrients trapped and used?
56
What is catabolism?
Catabolism refers to oxidative and exergonic processes.
57
What is the role of ATP?
ATP acts as the energy currency in processes that release energy and in processes that use energy.
58
What is anabolism?
Anabolism refers to reductive and endergonic processes.
59
What are the products of anabolism?
The products of anabolism are precursors.
60
What is the central theme in the metabolism of all organisms?
The coupling of energy-producing and energy-requiring reactions.
61
Can energy be used directly?
No, energy must be shuttled into easily accessible forms of chemical energy.
62
What are 'High Energy' bonds?
'High Energy' bonds are bonds that require or release convenient amounts of energy, depending on the direction of the reaction.
63
What is ATP?
ATP is an essential high energy bond-containing compound.
64
What is required for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP?
Energy is required for the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
65
What happens during the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP?
The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP releases energy.
66
What are the Phosphoric Anhydride Bonds in ATP?
The Phosphoric Anhydride Bonds in ATP are 'High Energy' Bonds.
67
What is the full name of ATP?
ATP stands for adenosine-5'-triphosphate.
68
What is the first step of glycolysis?
The phosphorylation of glucose, catalyzed by hexokinase (or glucokinase in the liver).
69
What is the reaction for glucose phosphorylation?
Glucose + ATP → Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) + ADP
70
What is the standard Gibbs Free Energy change (ΔG°) for the phosphorylation of glucose?
ΔG° = +13.8 kJ/mol ## Footnote This reaction is endergonic (unfavorable).
71
What is the standard Gibbs Free Energy change (ΔG°) for the ATP to ADP reaction?
ΔG° = -30.5 kJ/mol ## Footnote This reaction is exergonic (favorable).
72
What is the standard Gibbs Free Energy change (ΔG°) for the coupled reaction of glucose and ATP?
ΔG° = -16.7 kJ/mol ## Footnote This reaction is exergonic (favorable).
73
What does ΔG° refer to?
The free energy change under standard conditions.
74
Is the phosphorylation of glucose considered a redox reaction?
No, the phosphorylation of glucose is not considered a redox reaction.
75
What drives the phosphorylation of glucose?
The phosphorylation of glucose is driven by the energy from ATP hydrolysis.
76
What type of process is the phosphorylation of glucose?
It is an example of an energy transfer process.
77
What is the nature of the hydrolysis of phosphate groups in ATP?
The hydrolysis of the phosphate groups in ATP is especially exergonic.
78
What happens to the resonance-stabilized phosphate ion during ATP production?
There is a loss of a resonance-stabilized phosphate ion in the production of ATP.
79
What is the stability comparison between ATP and ADP?
ATP is less stable than ADP due to having 4 negative charges compared to 3 on ADP.
80
What is the molecular structure of AMP?
AMP is a product formed from the hydrolysis of ATP.

BIOCHEM 2 (2 decks)

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