energy dri Flashcards

Question

Physical Activity Level

Answer 1

PAL = ratio of TEE:BEE • Categories defined as: – Sedentary (PAL ≥ 1.0 < 1.4): activities of daily living – Low active (PAL ≥ 1.4 < 1.6): ADLs plus 30-60 min daily moderate activity – Active (PAL ≥ 1.6 < 1.9): ADLs plus at least 60 min daily moderate activity – Very active (PAL ≥ 1.9 < 2.5): ADLs plus at least 60 min daily moderate activity plus an additional 60 min vigorous activity or 120 min moderate activity

Answer 2

– Women age 19 and over: EER = 354 – [6.91 x age(y)] + PA x [9.36 x wt(kg) + 726 x ht(m)] Where PA = 1.0 if PAL “sedentary” (1.00-1.39) PA = 1.12 if PAL “low active” (1.40-1.59) PA = 1.27 if PAL “active” (1.60-1.89) PA = 1.45 if PAL “very active” (1.90-2.50) the range number becomes the pa

Answer 3

the 2002 is less because in1982 there was an overestimation

Answer 4

SPECIFIC BODY COMPARTMENTS • Investigating body composition involves subdividing body weight into 2 or more compartments ( fat and lean) according to elemental, chemical, anatomical, or fluid compartments

Answer 5

* Weight * Height e.g., standing (stature), sitting * Length e.g., recumbent length, (infants) arm span, knee (estimate of total height when your old and what your height should be- what they were) * Breadth e.g., wrist, elbow (frame size -big bone little bone) * Circumferences e.g., head (infants for growth curves), waist, hip (0.8 compared to wait- gives them the pear shape), mid-arm gives us clues on body comp and health

Answer 6

adipose(stored) and in other parts like cell membrane

Answer 7

body fat – fat-free mass (FFM) • FFM = body wt – body fat (fat mass); LBM = body wt – adipose fat • LBM includes essential fat (e.g., cell membrane fat) • often FFM = LBM in literature

Answer 8

aqueous – mineral – protein (muscle) – fat

Answer 9

``` aqueous - includes ECW (edema), ICW (intracellular water goes up by muscle mass or pregnancy)-this can mesure someones health and track how treatments is going – mineral - osseous - extraosseous – organic - glycogen (negligible) - protein - fat ```

Answer 10

body weight consists of 11 elements which comprise >99% of body weight in living subjects i.e., C, N, Ca, Na, Cl, K, H, P, O, S, Mg

Answer 11

Total fat, regional fat, fat-free mass (FFM), regional FFM, muscle (e.g., ptn, K), total body water (TBW), extracellular water (ECW), intracellular water (ICW), bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), elemental composition (e.g., N Ca P Mg Na Cl)

Answer 12

4: low accuracy, low precison (red flag and you now know your doing something wrong) high accuracy low precision: doing it right but just not very precise low accuracy, high precision: most dangerous because all your data is telling you youre doing it right but you are off high accuracy high precision: the best

Answer 13

``` Weight • Useful for extremes – 300 lbs or 80 lbs for an adult female – 140 lbs ??? • Monitoring change – sudden gains or losses in weight ```

Answer 14

Height • Useful for “stunting” – indicator for undernutrition – nutrient deficiencies e.g., Zn

Answer 15

square of the CC (r2) represents the proportion of variance in one variable accounted for by the other i.e., coefficient of determination e.g., x (height); y (weight); r = 0.7 r2 = 0.49 or 49% (means there is a good relation, example if blue eyes and expenditure have a realtion of 0) – Therefore, 49% of the variability of weight can be accounted for by height – other 51% accounted for by other factors (tendency to eat fatty foods, resistance training ↑ muscle mass) – remember, "variability" refers to how scores are spread out about the mean

Answer 16

Rule: High correlation between 2 variables does not necessarily imply causal relationship e.g., smoking (x) and lung damage (y) high +ve correlation could mean: 1. x causes y 2. y causes x 3. a 3rd variable causes both x and y (e.g., stress) 4. the correlation occurred by chance - use correlations as a source for subsequent hypothsis

Answer 17

• Height-Weight Tables – Guideline Tables • Weight for Height • Age-Specific Weight Standards – Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (1983) (changed from 1959 to 1999 due to more reseach on what was a healthyer weight) • Includes “frame size” Height-Weight Indices • Relative weight (only- this age for this sexe) (i.e., Devine Formula) – (actual wt / reference wt) x 100% – Interpretation: <90% underweight, 90 - <110% normal weight, 110 - <120% overweight, >120% obese • Body Mass Index (i.e., Quetelet’s Index) – wt/ht2 • CDC Growth Charts (we use WHO TO BE MORE DIVERSE with all the immigrants we get)(children) – percentiles - weight, length, wt for ht, BMI for age … many others

Answer 18

Waist to Hip Ratio - measure waist at mid-point between inferior margin of ribs & iliac crest • men > 1.0 • women > 0.8 Skinfold Measurements – Various sites and predictive equationsTriceps • Common: biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac • Percentile Charts – e.g., tricep skinfold( a good mesure of undernutrition and wouldnt have to do all the other mesures)

Answer 19

• Compartment Analysis – Normality (compare to standards) – Change over time (bone density compared over time)

Answer 20

blood glu levels below normal (< fasting blood glu level; 5 mmol/L, 90 mg/dL) eg, hypersecretion of insulin

Answer 21

increase glucagon, less insulin more release of glycogen increase in glucocorticoid (cortisol)hormone production increased gluconeogenesis

Answer 22

clear, concise, correct

Answer 23

``` monosaccharides (glu) ↓ energy (1) glycogen (2) FAs (3) pentose phosphate pathway (4) (hexosemonophosphate shunt)- needs to make ribose ```

Answer 24

↑ glucose uptake into cells ↓ ↑ glycolysis and PDH (glu & glycogen) ↓ ↑ TCA cycle → ↑ substrate flux (acetyl CoA)

Answer 25

we dont produce it we produce lactate- pH of 7

Answer 26

``` 1. glycolysis: glu → 2 pyruvate → (2 lactate – if anaerobic) 2. pyruvate dehydrogenase (thiamine pyrophosphate) pyruvate → acetyl CoA 3. TCA/Kreb’s/citric acid cycle acetyl CoA → TCA cycle → 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 GTP → energy (heat, ATP) -Most ATP is derived from oxidation of NADH+H+ (3 ATP rounded up) and FADH2 (2 ATP rounded up) via etransport chain ```

Answer 27

``` • The complex uses five coenzymes. • Three are prosthetic groups - covalently bound to their enzymes. – TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) – Lipoamide – FAD • Two are transiently associated with the complex. – CoA – NAD+ /NADH ```

Answer 28

they are proteins anf need a genetic code for transcription so if ithe code is wrong the enzyme might not work - could die- can be treated by diet if it is an inborn error in metabolism

Answer 29

``` The yield for every turn of the cycle is 2CO2 , 3NADHs, 1FADH2 , and 1GTP ```

Answer 30

``` • O2 is the ultimate acceptor of the electrons generated from the oxidation of pyruvate. • For every acetate entering the TCA cycle: – NADH → 2.5 ATP(X 3) – FADH2 → 1.5 ATP →1.0 GTP Total = 10 molecules of ATP/acetate but had to ohosphorilate glucose or fructose so had to invest atp ney yield 30 ```

Answer 31

in the cytosol of the mitochondria

Answer 32

glu → glu 6-P → glu 1-P → UDP-glu (large n) → glycogen - where UDP - uridine 5'-diphosphate - stimulated by insulin - each gram of glycogen is stored with 3-4 g of H2O - muscle and liver storage capacity is limited muscle glycogen: main fn, quick available nrg source liver glycogen: main fn, reserve → blood glucose

Answer 33

glu → pyruvate (glycolysis) → acetyl CoA → FAs - FA storage limited in liver, unlimited in adipose Triglyceride: compact storage form of energy 1. stored with little H2O (0.15 g H2O per g fat) 2. highly hydrogenated - more nrg (ATP) 1 mol (256g) palmitic acid (16:0) when completely [O] ↓ CO2 + H2O + 129 ATP [2.5x that of glucose (180g)]

Answer 34

the liver produced triglycerides and its packaged in a lipoprotein- VLDL only happens if there is a huge surplus (not doing exercise

energy dri Flashcards

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