Energy & Energy Consumption

Question 1

Types of Energy Conversion

Answer 1

1) Mechanical
2) Primary (Secondary)
3) Electrical
4) Heat
https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transformation

Question 2

Energy Carrier

Answer 2

a substance (energy form)/energy system that contains energy that can be later converted to other forms such as mechanical work/heat or to operate chemical/physical process (e.g. springs, electrical batteries, pressurized air, hydrogen, capacitors, dammed water, petroleum, coal, wood, natural gas.

Question 3

Energy Carrier Scheme

Answer 3

Primary E (PE): Natural resource –> Exploitation –> Primary Energy Carrier (Fossil, Nuclear, Renewable) –>
Transportation –>
PE to Secondary E: Energy Conversion (Coke plant - коксовый завод; Refinery - нефтеперераб. завод; Power plant) –>
Transportation –>
Final E.: Delivery to end customer (Coke plant; Refinery; Power plant) –>
Useful E.: E Conversion (Transport, Heating, E)

Question 4

Expectations for the future

Answer 4

1. World population will grow up to 9 billion in 2035
2. GDP will grow to approx. $220 trillion
3. Contribution to GDP growth: China, Other, OECD, India (more productivity, less population)

Question 5

Projected E Consumption

Answer 5

1. Consumption will grow up to 18 billion toe in other countries, up to 13 bt in other Asia, up to 9 bt in China and will not change in OECD by 2035.
2. Consumption growth will decrease by 2035 all over the world

Question 6

Consumption of PE

Answer 6

1. Shares of PE by 2035:
   - Renewables will grow up to 10%
   - Gas will slightly grow up to 26%
   - Hydro will increase a little to 6%
   - Oil will decrease to 30%
   - Coal will decline to 25%
   - Nuclear will remain almost the same at 5%
2. Annual demand growth:
3. Gas (more)
4. Renewables (more)
5. Oil (less)
6. Hydro (more)
7. Coal (less)
8. Nuclear (more)

Question 7

Electricity Generation from PE

Answer 7

Inputs to power as a share of total PE will grow to 45% by 2035;
Primary inputs to power:

Question 8

PE Consumption worldwide

Answer 8

1. Constant PE consumption according to “efficiency method”
2. Continuous reduction of fossil fuels
3. Geothermal, Solar, Wind - efficiency unknown