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Biology > Energy For Life > Flashcards

Energy For Life Flashcards

1
Q

What is the word and balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide+water—>glucose+oxygen
6CO2+6H2O—>C6H12O6+6O2

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2
Q

How does varying carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

CARBON DIOXIDE IS A REACTANT
-insufficient/no co2- plant will not be able to photosynthesis to its full potential
-when the concentration of co2 increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases

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3
Q

How does varying light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

-low light intensity- low photosynthesis rate, because the energy that the light provides is less, so the reaction is slowed down
-when light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases

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4
Q

How does varying temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

-low/colder temperatures- photosynthesis rate will decrease
-when temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases
-but if the temperature is too high, ENZYMES DENATURE (active site changes shape- no longer complementary to its substrate) so the plant will not be able to photosynthesise

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5
Q

Why do plants need magnesium ions and what happens when its deficient?

A

-Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll
-Deficiency causes yellowing between veins of leaves

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6
Q

Why do plants need nitrate ions and what happens when its deficient?

A

-Nitrates are a source of nitrogen needed to make amino acids to build proteins
-Deficiency causes stunted growth and yellowing of leaves

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7
Q

What is the word and balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic respiration in living organisms?

A

Glucose + Oxygen —-> Carbon dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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8
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Glucose —-> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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9
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

A

Glucose —-> Lactic acid

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10
Q

Describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

-oxygen needed for aerobic & not anaerobic
-aerobic produces lots of ATP, whereas anaerobic produces a small amount
-products of both are different

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11
Q

Know that ATP provides energy for cells

A

-Respiration releases energy from glucose
-The energy is transferred via the molecule ATP
-ATP required for living processes to occur within cells & organisms (e.g. active transport)

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12
Q

How does the process of respiration produce ATP in living organisms?

A

-Respiration is carried out in all living organisms
-Energy is released from glucose, either in: the presence of oxygen (AEROBIC RESPN) or the absence of oxygen (ANAEROBIC RESPN)
-In aerobic, reactions result in production waste products (CO2 + H2O)
-Energy transferred in the form of ATP

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13
Q

What food groups are key in a balanced diet?

A

-carbohydrates
-proteins
-lipids
-vitamins
-minerals
-water
-(dietary) fibre

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14
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of carbohydrates?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Source of energy
-SOURCES: Bread, Cereals, Pasta, Rice, Potatoes
-DEFICIENCY: Lack of energy

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15
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of proteins?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Growth and repair
-SOURCES: Meat, Fish, Eggs, Pulses, Nuts
-DEFICIENCY: Poor growth

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16
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of lipids?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Insulation and energy storage
-SOURCES: Butter, Oil, Nuts
-DEFICIENCY: Skin problems

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17
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of dietary fibre?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Provides bulk (roughage) for the intestine to push through it
-SOURCES: Vegetables, Whole grains
-DEFICIENCY: Constipation

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18
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of Vitamin A?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Healthy eyesight
-SOURCES: Meat, Liver, Dairy, Leafy Green vegetables (e.g. spinach), eggs,Carrots
-DEFICIENCY: Night blindness

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19
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of Vitamin C?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Heals wounds and rebuilds tissue
-SOURCES: Lemon, Citrus fruit, Strawberries
-DEFICIENCY: Scurvy

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20
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of Vitamin D?

A

-FUNCTION: Strengthens teeth and bones
-SOURCES: Oily fish, Dairy products, Sunlight
-DEFICIENCY: Rickets

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21
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of iron?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Needed to make haemoglobin
-SOURCES: Red meat, Liver, Spinach
-DEFICIENCY: Anaemia

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22
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of calcium?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Strengthens teeth and bones
-SOURCES: Milk, cheese, eggs
-DEFICIENCY: Osteoporosis

23
Q

What are the sources, functions and deficiency of water?

A

-FUNCTIONS: Allows chemical reactions to occur
-SOURCES: Cucumber, Strawberries
-DEFICIENCY: Dehydration

24
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis importance in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy?

A

-process in which energy from the sunlight is used to create glucose
-light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll in plants
-used to convert CO2 (from air) & H2O (from ground) into glucose
-used for respiration (O2 is a by product of this process)
-uses light energy from sun to create chemical energy
-conserves energy from the sun

25
Q

How is food moved through the gut by peristalsis?
MIOCABTPFDTO
MWTTPWLC
THASATPTBTG

A

-The muscles in the oesophagus contract above the bolus to push food down the oesophagus
-The muscles work together to produce wave-like contractions.
-These have a squeezing action that pushes the bolus through the gut.

26
Q

How do energy requirements vary with age?

A

-Young people need more energy requirements
-As it is used for growth and muscle development

27
Q

How do energy requirements vary with activity levels?
PMA,MER
MMC
RMRAINME

A

-When a person is more active there is more energy required
-As there are more muscle contractions
-Which requires more respiration as it needs more energy

28
Q

How do energy requirements vary with pregnancy?

A

-Energy requirements increase as energy is needed to support foetus
-And to support the larger mass the mother needs to carry

29
Q

What is the structure and function of the mouth?
S->M
FISIABBTTALISSICBSE

A

-Where mechanical digestion takes place (teeth chew food to break it into smaller pieces and increase its surface area to volume ratio)
-Amylase enzymes in saliva start digesting starch into maltose
-The food is shaped into a bolus (ball) by the tongue and lubricated in saliva so it can be swallowed easily

30
Q

What is the structure and function of the oesophagus?
TTCMTTS
WFBGABS
W-LCWTPTPFBDWROG

A

-Tube that connects mouth to the stomach
-Where the food bolus goes after being swallowed
-Wave-like contractions will take place to push the food bolus down without relying on gravity

31
Q

What is the structure and function of the stomach?

HPTKBIF&POPFPETW

A

-Food is mechanically digested by churning actions (while protease enzymes start to chemically digest proteins)
-HCL is present to kill bacteria in food & provide optimum pH for protease enzymes to work

32
Q

What is the structure and function of the small intestine? (Duodenum)
WFCOOSFBDBEPH AASFRTP
POSIISAP8-9

A

-Where the food coming out of the stomach finishes being digested by enzymes produced here and also secreted from the pancreas
-pH of small intenstine is slightly alkaline (pH 8-9)

33
Q

What is the structure and function of the small intestine? (Ileum)

A

-Where the absorption of digested food molecules takes place
-The ileum is long and lined with villi to increase the surface area over which absorption can take place
-pH of small intenstine is slightly alkaline (pH 8-9)

34
Q

What is the structure and function of the large intestine?
WAFRMIC
FSIR ARTA

A

-Water is absorbed from remaining material in the colon (to produce faeces)
-Faeces is stored in the rectum and removed through the anus

35
Q

What is the structure and function of the pancreas?
PAPL
SEIAAFITD(FDTRPOFCOOTS)

A

-Produces all three types of digestive enzymes: AMYLASE, PROTEASE, and LIPASE
-Secretes enzymes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum (for digestion to raise pH of fluid coming out of the stomach)

36
Q

What is the role of amylase?

A

Amylase (carbohydrase) breaks down starch into maltose

37
Q

What is the role of carbohydrases?

A

Carbohydrases are enzymes that break down carbohydrates to simple sugars such as glucose

38
Q

What is the role of maltase?

A

Maltase then breaks down maltose into glucose

39
Q

What is the role of protease?

A

Proteases are a group of enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids

40
Q

What is the role of lipases?

A

Lipases are enzymes that break down lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids

41
Q

Where are proteases made and what is their role?

A

Proteases made in the pancreas and small intestine break the peptides into amino acids

42
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

-Alkaline substance produced in the Liver
-Before being released into the small intestine bile is stored in the gallbladder

43
Q

What are the two main roles of bile?

A

-Neutralises stomach acid
-Emulsifies lipids

44
Q

The epithelial cells of the small intestine contain many mitochondria.
Explain a reason for this (2)

A

• Mitochondria is the site of (aerobic) respiration
• This releases energy / produces A TP
• For active transport (of digested food molecules)

45
Q

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune condition where cells of the immune system attack and destroy villi in the small intestine. Explain how this will affect the process of absorption. (2)

A
  • Fewer villi will lead to a decrease in surface area of the ileum/small intestine
  • This results in a decrease in the rate of absorption
46
Q

What does smoking cause?

A

-chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)
-coronary heart disease
-increased risks of several different types of cancer, including lung cancer

47
Q

What chemicals are in cigarettes?

A

-Tar - a carcinogen (a substance that causes cancer)
-Nicotine - an addictive substance which also narrows blood vessels
-Carbon monoxide - reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

48
Q

Nicotine

A

-Nicotine narrows blood vessels leading to an increased blood pressure
-It also increases heart rate
-Both of these effects can cause blood clots to form in the arteries leading to heart attack or stroke

49
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

-binds to haemoglobin, reducing oxygen capacity in blood.
-makes breathing harder, needing more frequency & depth to get enough oxygen.
-strains heart, increasing risk of heart disease and strokes.

50
Q

Tar

A

TAR
- Carcinogen linked to increased cancer risk in lungs.
- Contributes to COPD (occurs when chronic bronchitis and emphysema) (two different diseases which are frequently linked to smoking) occur together

51
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

-Stimulates goblet cells and mucus glands, leading to mucus overproduction.
- Destroys cilia, leading to mucus buildup, blocking bronchioles, causing infections.
- Resulting smoker’s cough attempts to clear mucus.

52
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Elastase released by phagocytes in response to infections.
  • Elastase breaks down elastic fibers in alveoli.
  • Reduced elasticity causes alveoli to burst.
  • Reduced surface area for gas exchange.
  • Symptoms: breathlessness, wheezing.
  • Some patients require constant oxygen supply.
53
Q

How is the structure of a leaf adapted for photosynthesis?

A

-Leaf has a large SA & is thin (to maximise absorption of sunlight by the photosynthetic cells. Increases number of stomata, so that CO2 can diffuse quicker)
-Upper epidermis is transparent (allowing the light to penetrate to the mesophyll)
-Palisade cells are long, thin, & tightly packed. Contain large numbers of chloroplasts. (Maximises the absorption of sunlight energy. Palisade mesophyll is the main site of photosynthesis)
-Stomata (allow gases to diffuse into the air spaces of the leaf & provides short diffusion distance for carbon dioxide.
-Xylem transports water absorbed in the roots into the leaves. (provides short diffusion distance for water to diffuse into the photosynthesising cells)
-Phloem vessels transport sugars (made in photosynthesis to other parts of the plant)

Biology (9 decks)

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