Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fundamentals of the Living Cell > Energy II > Flashcards

Energy II Flashcards

Acetyl CoA, Mitochondria, Oxygen (61 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur? [1 mark]

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Enzymes involved in the citric acid cycle? [4 marks]

A
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • citrate synthase
  • isocitrate dehydrogenase
  • alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much NADH is made per glucose? [2 marks]

A
  • 2 when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA

- 6 in citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much FADH2 is made per glucose? [1 mark]

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much GTP is made per glucose? [1 mark]

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How much CO2 is made per glucose? [2 marks]

A
  • 2 when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA

- 4 in the citric acid cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acetyl CoA formation [1 mark]

A

It is essentially irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is acetyl CoA used for? [2 marks]

A
  • either for the citric acid cycle

- or to form fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase? [1 mark]

A

Its products (NADH and acetyl CoA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What activates pyruvate dehydrogenase? [2 marks]

A
  • ADP

- pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What inhibits citrate synthase?

A

Its product (citrate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase? [2 marks]

A
  • NADH

- ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What activates isocitrate dehydrogenase? [1 mark]

A

ADP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What inhibits alpha keto gluterate dehydrogenase? [3 marks]

A
  • NADH
  • ATP
  • succinyl CoA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What activities does pyruvate dehydrogenase have? [2 marks]

A
  • Kinase

- Phosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does calcium facilitate in muscle? [1 marks]

A

ATP generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What increases calcium in the liver and how? [2 marks]

A
  • Adrenalin

- via the activation of alpha adrenergic receptor and IP3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Inositol triphosphate?

A
  • a secondary messenger

- mobilises Ca2+ for muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does insulin do in liver and adipose tissue? [4 marks]

A
  • stimulates the phosphatase
  • activates dehydrogenase
  • increases amount of acetyl CoA
  • funnels glucose to fatty acid synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes beriberi? [1 mark]

A
  • Deficiency in thiamine (Vitamin B1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a prosthetic group for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase? [1 mark]

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the effects of beriberi? [7 marks]

A
  • higher serum levels of pyruvate and alpha ketogluterate
  • lack of ATP causes damage to PNS, limb pain, muscle weakness and distorted skin sensation.
  • enlarged heart
  • insufficient cardiac output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is coenzyme Q10? [1 mark]

A

An ubiquitous component of the ETC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of cytochrome b-c1 complex? [1 mark]

A

Catalyses the reduction of cytochrome c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the functions of cytochrome c? [3 marks]
- Haem group accepts electrons from b-c1 complex - Transfers electrons to complex IV - Involved in the initiation of apoptosis
26
How much H+ from NADH is pumped out of the matrix?
10
27
How much H+ from FADH2 is pumped out of the matrix?
6
28
How much ATP is made from NADH?
3
29
How much ATP is made from FADH2?
2
30
How is heat generated in infants? [1 mark]
The transport of electrons is uncoupled from ATP synthesis
31
Brown fat [2 marks]
- Dense in mitochondria | - less ATP is generated
32
What are the symptoms of mitochondrial diseases? [3 marks]
- Fatigue - Epilepsy - Dementia
33
What causes mitochondrial diseases? [1 mark]
Mutations in genes for proteins in ETC
34
What is the metabolic consequence of mitochondrial diseases?
Congenital lactic acidosis
35
What effect does ATP and G6P have on glycogen synthase? [1 mark]
It activates it
36
What effect does ATP and G6P have on glycogen phosphorylase? [1 mark]
It inactivates it
37
What does protein kinase A do to glycogen synthase? [2 marks]
- it phosphorylates it | - this inactivates it
38
What does protein kinase A do to glycogen phosphorylase? [2 marks]
- it phosphorylates it | - this activates it
39
What does protein phosphatase-1 do to glycogen synthase? [2 marks]
- dephosphorylates it | - this activates it
40
What does protein phosphatase-1 do to glycogen phosphorylase? [2 marks]
- dephosphorylates it | - inactivates it
41
When is glycogen synthase activated? [1 mark]
In time of plenty (of glucose)
42
When is glycogen phosphorylase activates? [1 mark]
Activated when glucose is in short supply
43
When is the pentose phosphate pathway activated? [1 mark]
When there is a lot of glucose-6-phosphate
44
What is the oxidative phase of the pentose phoshate pathway? [2 marks]
- The formation of ribulose-5-phosphate from G6P | - The irreversible part
45
What are the products of the oxidative phase? [2 marks]
- 2 NADPH | - CO2
46
What is the non oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway? [2 marks]
- The conversions of ribulose-5-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate - The reversible part
47
What is NADPH useful for? [2 marks]
- synthesis of antioxidants (i.e. glutathione) | - synthesis of fatty acids
48
How do antioxidants protect from oxidative stress?
They donate electrons to neutralise oxygen radicals
49
What is ribose-5-phosphate important for? [3 marks]
- Nucleotide/DNA synthesis - Synthesis of some coenzymes - metabolism from its conversion to other sugars
50
What fuel can erythrocytes use? [1 mark]
Glucose
51
What is the daily body and brain requirement for glucose? [2 marks]
- 160g for the body | - 120g for the brain
52
What are the total body reserves for glucose? [1 mark]
210g
53
What does gluconeogenesis do to make glucose? [1 mark]
Converts pyruvate to glucose
54
Where does gluconeogenesis take place? [2 marks]
- usually in the liver | - but also in the kidneys during starvation
55
What enzyme must glucose-6-phosphatase overcome?
Hexokinase
56
What enzyme must fructose bisphosphatase overcome?
Phosphofructokinase
57
What enzymes overcome pyruvate kinase? [2 marks]
- Pyruvate carboxylase | - phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase
58
Which enzymes are inhibited by glucagon? [2 marks]
- Pyruvate kinase | - Phosphofructokinase
59
What is pyruvate an intermediate for? [2 marks]
- Lactate | - Some amino acids [e.g. alanine]
60
How does oxaloacetate leave the mitochondria? [2 marks]
- converted to malate and exits via carrier | - is converted back to oxaloacetate in the cytosol
61
How does pyruvate enter the mitochondria? [1 mark]
Via a carrier protein

Fundamentals of the Living Cell (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions