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Gabe's Metabolism > Energy in Food and Basal Metabolic Rate > Flashcards

Energy in Food and Basal Metabolic Rate Flashcards

1
Q

What is macronutrition?

A

The study of obtaining energy to fuel normal activity

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2
Q

How much dietary energy does a typical adult need per day?

A

10MJ

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3
Q

What is the output of all energy in the body, regardless of the work performed?

A

Heat radiation

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4
Q

What is basal metabolic rate?

A

A measurable quantity that is the minimum energy to sustain life

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5
Q

What percentage of daily energy expenditure is exercise usually?

A

40%

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6
Q

How much energy does a resting human radiate as infrared?

A

100W (1J/sec) or 9MJ per day

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7
Q

How is all energy emitted from humans?

A

As heat

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8
Q

What does bomb calorimetry measure?

A

The energy of combustion in food

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9
Q

How many joules of energy are in 1g of fat?

A

39kJ

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10
Q

How many of joules of energy are in 1g of alcohol?

A

30kJ

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11
Q

What converts alcohol to acetate?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase

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12
Q

What ist he majority of energy expended on?

A

Basal metabolic rate

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13
Q

What is the specific dynamic effect?

A

Postprandial thermogenesis, heat increment of feeding and diet induced thermogenesis. Usually 8-10% of energy turnover and elevated by high protein content of diet. It is expended in absorption and transport of nutrients, digestive enzyme synthesis, gut mobility and gut replacement.

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14
Q

How is BMR measured?

A

subjects at rest, 12 hours after the last meal in a thermoneutral environment of 25-30 degrees C.

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15
Q

What happens to BMR in cold environments?

A

BMR increases. Sometimes several times BMR in extreme.

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16
Q

Is exercise a great consumer of daily energy?

A

No

17
Q

What is obesity a risk factor for?

A

Cardiovascular disease (high blood pressure and coronary artery disease), increasing the risk of heart attack, Cerebrovascular disease (e.g., carotid artery disease), increasing the risk of stroke, Type 2 diabetes, Respiratory problems and Certain forms of cancer.

18
Q

Which exercise is a significant predictor of long-term weight loss?

A

Any exercise. Doesn’t matter if it’s low, moderate or high intensity.

19
Q

What is a key factor in the prevention or treatment of metabolic diseases?

A

Physical activity

20
Q

Why are diet pills or combinations thereof inferior to exercise?

A

Because exercise targets multiple physiological systems in a way that no pill or combination can.

21
Q

What does exercise improve?

A

• Health • Cardiovascular fitness • Cancer protection • Bone strength • Muscle strength • Lung capacity • Weight control

22
Q

What is the BMR of humans dependent on?

A

Body size and shape as a determinant of thermal efficiency

23
Q

What is thermal efficiency of conferred by?

A

Low area ÷ volume

24
Q

Which body types are more thermally efficient (lower BMR)?

A

Compact bodies - high surface are ÷ volume ratio.

25
Q

What is the most efficient shape for conservation of energy?

A

Sphere

26
Q

What is the rate of decrease of BMR in adults?

A

2% decrease for every ten years after age 20.

27
Q

What percentage of energy do newborns use for growth?

A

15%

28
Q

What effect does high body fat have on BMR?

A

Decreases BMR

29
Q

Why does high body fat decrease BMR?

A

Fat cells need little energy to store TAGs. Therefore high fat = relatively low energy consumption and also higher insulation against heat loss.

30
Q

What is most of progressive adult BMR decrease explaned by?

A

Fatty infiltration and replacement of muscle

31
Q

How much more energy does a 70kg male need than a 70kg male?

A

1MJ

32
Q

What explains the differenct energy requirements of women vs men?

A

Lean body mass. Male has higher lean mass = total minus fat. Both males and females need around 132 kJ / day / kg of lean body mass.

Gabe's Metabolism (5 decks)

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