Energy Metabolism Flashcards

(53 cards)

1
Q

What provides energy and components required for anabolism?

A

Catabolism

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2
Q

Define anabolism.

A

the making of large, complex molecules from smaller, simpler molecules with the usage of stored energy.

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3
Q

Define catabolism.

A

the release of energy through the breakdown of large, complex molecules into simpler molecules.

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of new glucose molecules from non- carbohydrate carbon substrates. What 4 molecules can be used to synthesize new glucose molecules through this process?

A
  • pyruvate (Kreb’s cycle)
  • Lactate (Anaerobic glycolysis from muscle + RBC’s via Cori cycle)
  • Glycerol (via lipolysis)
  • Amino Acids (alanine and glutamine)
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5
Q

When and where does the process of gluconeogenesis take place?

A

In the liver, during times of fasting, starvation, and low carbohydrate diets.
Also occurs in the kidney.

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6
Q

Define glycolysis and it’s products.

A

Where one molecule of glucose is broken down for energy into 2 molecules of pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2NADH, 2 H+, and s H2).

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7
Q

Define Phosphorylation.

A

The process where a phosphate group is attached to a molecule or ion.

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8
Q

How does ATP provide energy for cellular processes?

A

Through the transfer of one of it’s phosphate groups to another molecule.

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9
Q

What is NADH used for?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation in the mitochondria

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10
Q

What metabolic process utilises pyruvate?

A

gluconeogensis.

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11
Q

What is the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells?

A

Glycogen

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12
Q

Define glycogenolysis.

A
  • process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting or starvation
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13
Q

Where does the process of glycogenlysis take place?

A

hepatocytes

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14
Q

What molecules initiate the process of glycogenolysis?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

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15
Q

What 3 enzymes are involved in the process of glycogenolysis?

A
  • Glycogen phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphatase
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16
Q

Define lipolysis and describe the products of this process.

A

 Lipolysis is a cellular process that breaks down fats (or hydrolyses) (triglycerides) into free fatty acids and glycerol molecules

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17
Q

What enzymes drive the process of lipolysis?
And where does this take place?

A

lipase enzymes
in adipocytes and hepatocytes

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18
Q

Define lipogenesis.

A

 Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing fatty acids and triglycerides from nonlipid precursor molecules

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19
Q

Where does lipogenesis take place?

A

liver and adipose tissue

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20
Q

What compound is required to make palmitic acid, cholesterol and other fatty acids?

A

Acetyl CoA

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21
Q

What are the products at the end of lipogenesis?

A

diacylglycerides and triacylglycerides

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22
Q

What inhibits the process of lipogenesis? (x4)

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty acids
GH
Leptin
Fasting/starvation

23
Q

What stimulates lipogenesis? (x2)

A

Carbohydrate rich diets and insulin

24
Q

Why do glucose molecules require transporters?

A

they are both large and polar molecules

25
What is the key source of energy for most living cells?
Glucose
26
What are the 2 main types of glucose transporters?
* sodium–glucose linked transporters (SGLTs) * facilitated diffusion glucose transporters (GLUTs)
27
GLUT's have x3 classifications of transporters. Class 1 includes which transporters?
GLUT1-4
28
GLUT ? is expressed mainly in beta cells of the pancreas, liver and kidney.
2
29
GLUT ? is mainly present in the brain.
3
30
GLUT ? is an insulin-responsive glucose transporter that is found in the heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and brain
4
31
Which GLUT's are in GLUT class II?
GLUT 5,7,9,11
32
GLUT ? has a high affinity for both glucose and fructose and is located in cells of the small intestine, colon, testis and prostate
7
33
GLUT ? (multiple isoforms) is expressed mainly in the proximal tubule of the kidney and in the liver and placenta
9
34
GLUT ? (three isoforms of GLUT11), A present in heart, skeletal muscle and kidney cells, GLUT11B present in placenta, adipose tissue and kidney cells and GLUT11C present in adipose tissue, heart, skeletal muscle and pancreas cells
11
35
What are the 5 subtypes of GLUT transporters in class III?
6,8,10,12,13
36
GLUT ?-brain and spleen cells and in peripheral leukocytes. It is a low-affinity glucose transporter that is located intracellularly
6
37
GLUT ? is a high-affinity transporter of glucose but inhibited by fructose and galactose. It is mainly distributed brain and testis cells
8
38
GLUT ? is located in cells of various tissues - skeletal muscle, heart, lung, brain, placenta, kidney, liver and pancreas
10
39
GLUT ? is expressed in cells of adipose tissue, small intestine, skeletal muscle and placenta
12
40
GLUT ? is expressed in adipose tissue and kidney cells; predominantly expressed in the brain. It is mainly located intracellularly vi PKC avtivation in neuronal cells.
13
41
What transporters symport (transport in the same direction) glucose in conjunction with sodium ions.
 Sodium–glucose linked transporters
42
Which transporters require ATP?
GLUTs
43
Which transporters do not directly utilise ATP but function because other mechanisms have utilised ATP?
SGLT's
44
What is required for SGLT's to be able to transport glucose into the cell?
Sodium gradient created by the sodium-potassium ATPASE pumps.
45
Where are SGLT's located?
SGLTs are present on the luminal surfaces of cells lining the small intestine and renal tubules where they absorb glucose from dietary sources and facilitate the re-absorption of glucose from the glomerular filtrate
46
SGLT';s have 6 subtypes. Describe where they are located and discuss their function based on their locations.
47
What is the polypeptide that inhibits the activity of certain pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones?
Somatostatin.
48
Somatostatin is produced by which endocrine pancreatic cells?
Delta
49
What is the main role of pancreatic somatostatin secretion?
To regulate rates of usage and storage of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids.
50
Which cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide?
F cells
51
What stimulates the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide?
eating, exercising, fasting
52
What does pancreatic polypeptide inhibit?
- gallbladder contraction - pancreatic exocrine secretion
53