Energy production

Question 1

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 1

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 2

When water is added to ATP, one phosphate group is removed, releasing energy via what reaction?

Answer 2

Hydrolysis

Question 3

What is ATP used for in the body?

Answer 3

ATP is the energy currency of the body and the body has to synthesis it before it can use it.

Question 4

List the minerals that make up ATP complex. Name the different parts of the cell that makes ATP.

Answer 4

ATP is always present as a magnesium: ATP complex. Magnesium binds to phosphate groups in ATP making a complex. Cytosol and mitochondria

Question 5

What are the functions of ATP?

Answer 5

1. Capture the energy from oxidation reactions.
2. Drive synthetic reaction
3. Fuel movement
4. Transport substances across membranes
5. Cell division

Question 6

What are the two ways to make ATP?

Answer 6

1. Substrate level phosphorylation - happens in the cytosol of cells..
2. Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain - occurs in the mitochondria of cells.

Question 7

What are the two energy carrying molecules?

Answer 7

NAD+ and FAD

Question 8

Which vitamin is NAD derived from?

Answer 8

Niacin (B3)

Question 9

Which vitamin is FAD derived from?

Answer 9

Riboflavin (B2)

Question 10

What are the 4 steps of cellular respiration?

Answer 10

1. Glycolysis or anaerobic respiration
2. Formation of Acetyl-CoA
3. Kreb Cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain

Question 11

What is the energy made from glycolysis?

Answer 11

• 2 ATP
• 2 NADH
• 2 Pyruvate

Question 12

Explain the process one molecule of glucose goes through in anaerobic respiration and the amount of ATP produced.

Answer 12

One glucose molecule is transformed into two pyruvate molecules. There is an input of 2 ATP molecules and an output of 4 ATP molecules, therefore net gain of 2 ATP. Glycolysis also results in the production of 2 molecules of NADH. These can be used to make more ATP later on in the electron transport chain if oxygen is available!

Question 13

Coenzyme A is a carrier molecule which is a form of which vitamin and how is the energy carried?

Answer 13

Pantothenic Acid (B5).
Easily transferable high energy bond with an acetyl group. New form known as Acetyl CoA.

Question 14

What energy is produced from the Kreb Cycle for each pyruvate?

Answer 14

• 2 ATP
• 6 NADH
• 2 FADH2

Question 15

Where do the electron carriers NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons?

Answer 15

Electron Transport Chain

Question 16

What is happening in the electron transport chain?

Answer 16

The energy lost from the electrons is used to pump H+ across the membrane. Thus creating a H+ gradient where there are more H ions on one side than the other.

Question 17

What are the names of the enzymes in the electron transport chain?

Answer 17

Complex 1 - NADH dehydrogenase
Complex 2 - Succinate dehydrogenase
Complex 3 - Cytochrome reductase
Complex 4 - Cytochrome oxidase

Question 18

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 18

H ions go back into the matrix through ATP synthase producing ATP.

Question 19

Why is the energy produced from FADH2 lower than NADH?

Answer 19

The electrons from FADH2 enter the electron transport chain at complex 2 so there is only enough energy released to make 2 ATP.

Question 20

Briefly list steps of the Kreb Cycle

Answer 20

Pyruvate (3C)
Oxaloaccetate (4C)
Citrate (6C)
Isocitrate (6C)
a-ketoglutarate (5C)
Succincyl CoA (4C)
Succinate (4C)
Fumarate (4C)
Malate (4C)
Oxaloaccetate (4C)

Question 21

What is the net result that 1 molecule of glucose can make during aerobic respiration?

Answer 21

38 ATP

Question 22

What is fat metabolism stimulated by?

Answer 22

Epinephrine, inhibited by insulin.

Question 23

What are fatty acids carried by to the liver and what happens here?

Answer 23

serum albumin where oxidation occurs.

Question 24

What is beta oxidation and how is it used by the body?

Answer 24

Beta oxidation converts fatty acids to molecules of Acetyl CoA which then enters the Kreb Cycle just like carbohydrates.

Question 25

Fatty acids are ? so they can penetrate the plasma membrane. Once in the ?, a fatty acid reacts with ? and ? to form a fatty ?. L-carnitine helps transport the fatty acids into the ?.

Answer 25

``` hydrophobic cytosol ATP Coenzyme A Acyl-CoA Mitochondria ```

Question 26

Beat oxidation has a series of 4 repetitive steps, name them.

Answer 26

1. oxidation by FAD 2. hydration 3. oxidation by NAD+ 4. Thiolysis

Question 27

Give 4 functions of fatty acids.

Answer 27

1. holding cell membrane proteins 2. controlling transport of substances into and out of cells. 3. cell to cell communication 4. foetal brain development